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Copyright (c) 1998 Hewlett-Packard Company
IEC http://www.iec.ch
IEC http://www.iec.ch
.IEC 61966-2.1 Default RGB colour space - sRGB
.IEC 61966-2.1 Default RGB colour space - sRGB
,Reference Viewing Condition in IEC61966-2.1
,Reference Viewing Condition in IEC61966-2.1
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A BOOK OF FIVE RINGS
by Miyamoto Musashi
I have been many years training in the Way of Strategy, called Ni Ten Ichi Ryu, and now
I think I will explain it in writing for the first time. It is now during the first ten days of the
tenth month in the twentieth year of Kanei (1645). I have climbed mountain Iwato of Higo
in Kyushu to pay homage to heaven," pray to Kwannon,"* and kneel before Buddha. I am a
warrior of Harima province, Shinmen Musashi No Kami Fujiwara No Geshin, age sixtyM
From youth my heart has been inclined toward the Way of strategy. My first duel
was when I was thirteen, I struck down a strategist of the Shinto school, one Arima Kihei.^
When I was sixteen I struck down an able strategist, Tadashima Akiyama. When I was
twenty-one I went up to the capital and met all manner of strategists, never once failing to
win in many contests.
After that I went from province to province dueling with strategists of various
schools, and not once failed to win even tM
hough I had as many as sixty encounters. This
was between the ages of thirteen and twenty-eight or twenty-nine.
When I reached thirty I looked back on my past. The previous victories were not
due to my having mastered strategy. Perhaps it was natural ability, or the order of heaven,
or that other schools' strategy was inferior. After that I studied morning and evening
searching for the principle, and came to realise the Way of Strategy when I was fifty.
Since then I have lived without following any M
particular Way. Thus with the virtue of
strategy I practise many arts and abilities
all things with no teacher.' To write this book I
did not use the law of Buddha or the teachings of Confucius, neither old war chronicles
nor books on martial tactics. I take up my brush to explain the true spirit' of this Ichi school
Stategy is the craft of the warrior. Commanders must enact the craft, and troopers should
know this Way. There is no warrior in the world today who really understaM
There are various Ways. There is the Way of Salvation by the law of Buddha, the
Way of Confucius governing the Way of learning, the Way of healing as a doctor, as a
poet teaching the Way of Waka, tea, archery, and many arts and skills. Each man
practices as he feels inclined.
It is said the warrior's is the twofold Way of pen and sword, and he should have a
taste for both Ways. Even if a man has no natural ability he can be a warrior by sticking
assiduously to both divisM
ions of the Way. Generally speaking, the Way of the warrior is
resolute acceptance of death. Although not only warriors but priests, women, peasants
and lowlier folk have been known to die readily in the cause of duty or out of shame, this
is a different thing. The warrior is different in that studying the Way of strategy is based on
overcoming men. By victory gained in crossing swords with individuals, or enjoining battle
with large numbers, we can attain power and fame for ourselves or for our lord. ThiM
the virtue of strategy.
The Way of Strategy
In China and Japan practitioners of the Way have been known as "masters of strategy".
Warriors must learn this Way.
Recently there have been people getting on in the world as strategists, but they
are usually just sword-fencers. The attendants of the Kashima Kantori shrines'" of the
province Hitachi received instruction from the gods, and made schools based on this
teaching, travelling from country to country instructing men. This is the recenM
In olden times strategy was listed among the Ten Abilities and Seven Arts as a
beneficial practice. It was certainly an art but as beneficial practice it was not limited to
sword-fencing. The true value of sword-fencing cannot be seen within the confines of
sword-fencing technique.
If we look at the world we see arts for sale. Men use equipment to sell their own
selves. As if with the nut and the flower, the nut has become less than the flower. In this
kind of Way of stratM
egy, both those teaching and those learning the way are concerned
with colouring and showing off their technique, trying to hasten the bloom of the flower.
They speak of "This Dojo" and "That Dojo".'" They are looking for profit. Someone once
said "Immature strategy is the cause of grief". That was a true saying.
There are four Ways in which men pass through life: as gentlemen, farmers, artisans
The way of the farmer. Using agricultural instruments, he sees springs through to
s with an eye on the changes of season.
Second is the Way of the merchant. The wine maker obtains his ingredients and
puts them to use to make his living. The Way of the merchant is always to live by taking
profit. This is the Way of the merchant.
Thirdly the gentleman warrior, carrying the weaponry of his Way. The Way of the
warrior is to master the virtue of his weapons. If a gentleman dislikes strategy he will not
appreciate the benefit of weaponry, so must he not have a little taste for this?
Fourthly the Way of the artisan. The Way of the carpenter" is to become proficient
in the use of his tools, first to lay his plans with a true measure and then perform his work
according to plan. Thus he passes through life. These are the four Ways of the
gentleman, the farmer, the artisan and the merchant.
Comparing the Way of the Carpenter to Strategy
The comparison with carpentry is through the connection with houses. Houses of the
nobility, houses of warriors, the Four houses,'' ruin of housM
es, thriving of houses, the style
of the house, the tradition of the house, and the name of the house. The carpenter uses a
master plan of the building, and the Way of strategy is similar in that there is a plan of
campaign. If you want to learn the craft of war, ponder over this book. The teacher is as a
needle, the disciple is as thread. You must practice constantly.
Like the foreman carpenter, the commander must know natural rules, and the rules
of the country, and the rules of houses. This is the M
Way of the foreman.
The foreman carpenter must know the architectural theory of towers and temples,
and the plans of palaces, and must employ men to raise up houses. The Way of the
foreman carpenter is the same as the Way of the commander of a warrior house."
In the contruction of houses, choice of woods is made. Straight un-knotted timber
of good appearance is used for the revealed pillars, straight timber with small defects is
used for the inner pillars. Timber of the finest appearance, even if a M
little weak, is used for
the thresholds, lintels, doors, and sliding doors,'' and so on. Good strong timber, though it
be gnarled and knotted, can always be used discreetly in construction. Timber which is
weak or knotted throughout should be used as scaffolding, and later for firewood.
The foreman carpenter allots his men work according to their ability. Floor layers,
makers of sliding doors, thresholds and lintels, ceilings and so on. Those of poor ability lay
the floor joist, and those of lesser abM
ility carve wedges and do such miscellaneous work. If
the foreman knows and deploys his men well the finished work will be good.
The foreman should take into account the abilities and limitations of his men,
circulating among them and asking nothing unreasonable. He should know their morale
and spirit, and encourage them when necessary. This is the same as the principle of strategy.
The Way of Strategy
Like a trooper, the carpenter sharpens his own tools. He carries his equipment in his tool
ox, and works under the direction of his foreman. He makes columns and girders with an
axe, shapes floorboards and shelves with a plane, cuts fine openwork and carvings
accurately, giving as excellent a finish as his skill will allow. This is the craft of carpenters.
When the carpenter becomes skilled and understands measures he can become a
The carpenter's attainment is, having tools which will cut well, to make small
shrines,' writing shelves, tables, paper lanterns, chopping boards and potM
the specialities of the carpenter. Things are similar for the trooper. You ought to think
The attainment of the carpenter is that his work is not warped, that the joints are
not misaligned, and that the work is truly planed so that it meets well and is not merely
finished in sections. This is essential.
If you want to learn this Way, deeply consider the things written in this book one at
a time. You must do sufficient research.
Outline of the Five Books ofM
this Book of Strategy
The Way is shown in five books concerning different aspects.
These are Ground, Water, Fire, Wind (tradition), and Void (the illusory nature of wordly things)
The body of the Way of strategy from the viewpoint of my Ichi school is explained
in the Ground book. It is difficult to realise the true Way just through sword-fencing. Know
the smallest things and the biggest things, the shallowest things and the deepest things.
As if it were a straight road mapped out on the ground, the M
first book is called the Ground
Second is the Water Book. With water as the basis, the spirit becomes like water.
Water adopts the shape of its receptacle, it is sometimes a trickle and sometimes a wild
sea. Water has a clear blue colour. By the clarity, things of Ichi school are shown in this
If you master the principles of sword-fencing, when you freely beat one man, you
beat any man in the world. The spirit of defeating a man is the same for ten million men.
The strategist makes sM
mall things into big things, like building a great Buddha from a one
foot model. I cannot write in detail how this is done. The principle of strategy is having one
thing, to know ten thousand things. Things of Ichi school are written in this the Water
Third is the Fire book. This book is about fighting. The spirit of fire is fierce,
whether the fire be small or big; and so it is with battles. The Way of battles is the same
for man to man fights and for ten thousand a side battles. You must apprecM
can become big or small. What is big is easy to perceive: what is small is difficult to
perceive. In short, it is difficult for large numbers of men to change position, so their
movements can be easily predicted. An individual can easily change his mind, so his
movements are difficult to predict. You must appreciate this. The essence of this book is
that you must train day and night in order to make quick decisions. In strategy it is
necessary to treat training as a part of normal life M
with your spirit unchanging. Thus
combat in battle is described in the Fire book.
Fourthly the Wind book. This book is not concerned with my Ichi school but with
other schools of strategy. By Wind I mean old traditions, present-day traditions, and family
traditions of strategy. Thus I clearly explain the strategies of the world. This is tradition. It
is difficult to know yourself if you do not know others. To all Ways there are side-tracks. If
you study a Way daily, and your spirit diverges, you may tM
hink you are obeying a good
way, but objectively it is not the true Way. If you are following the true Way and diverge a
little, this will later become a large divergence. You must realise this. Other strategies
have come to be thought of as mere sword-fencing, and it is not unreasonable that this
should be so. The benefit of my strategy, although it includes sword-fencing, lies in a
separate principle. I have explained what is commonly meant by strategy in other schools
in the Wind (tradition) book.
Fifthly, the book of the Void. By Void I mean that which has no beginning and no
end. Attaining this principle means not attaining the principle. The Way of strategy is the
Way of nature. When you appreciate the power of nature, knowing the rhythm of any
situation, you will be able to hit the enemy naturally and strike naturally. All this is the Way
of the Void. I intend to show how to follow the true Way according to nature in the book of
The Name Ichi Ryu Ni To (One school - Two swordsM
Warriors, both commanders and troopers, carry two swords^^ at their belt. In olden times
these were called the long sword and the sword; nowadays they are known as the sword
and the companion sword. Let it suffice to say that in our land, whatever the reason, a
warrior carries two swords at his belt. It is the Way of the warrior.
"Nito Ichi Ryu" shows the advantage of using both swords.
The spear and halberd" are weapons that are carried out of doors.
Students of the Ichi school Way of stratM
egy should train from the start with the
sword and long sword in either hand. This is the truth: when you sacrifice your life, you
must make fullest use of your weaponry. It is false not to do so, and to die with a weapon
If you hold a sword with both hands, it is difficult to wield it freely to left and right,
so my method is to carry the sword in one hand. This does not apply to large weapons
such as the spear or halberd, but swords and companion swords can be carried in one
is encumbering to hold a sword in both hands when you are on horseback, when
running on uneven roads, on swampy ground, muddy rice fields, stony ground, or in a
crowd of people. To hold the long sword in both hands is not the true Way, for if you carry
a bow or spear or other arms in your left hand you have only one hand free for the long
sword. However, when it is difficult to cut an enemy down with one hand, you must use
both hands. It is not difficult to wield a sword in one hand; the Way to learn thisM
with two long swords, one in each hand. It will seem difficult at first, but everything is
difficult at first. Bows are difficult to draw, halberds are difficult to wield; as you become
accustomed to the bow so your pull will become stronger. When you become used to
wielding the long sword, you will gain the power of the Way and wield the sword well.
As I will explain in the second book, the Water Book, there is no fast way of
wielding the long sword. The long sword should be wielded broaM
dly, and the companion
sword closely. This is the first thing to realise.
According to this Ichi school, you can win with a long weapon, and yet you can
also win with a short weapon. In short, the Way of the Ichi school is the spirit of winning,
whatever the weapon and whatever its size.
It is better to use two swords rather than one when you are fighting a crowd and
especially if you want to take a prisoner.
These things cannot be explained in detail. From one thing, know ten thousand
When you attain the Way of strategy there will not be one thing you cannot see.
You must study hard.
The Benefit of the Two Characters Reading "Strategy"
Masters of the long sword are called strategists. As for the other military arts, those who
master the bow are called archers, those who master the spear are called spearmen,
those who master the gun are called marksmen, those who master the halberd are
called halberdiers. But we do not call masters of the Way of the long sword
, nor do we speak of "companionswordsmen". Because bows, guns,
spears and halberds are all warriors' equipment they are certainly part of strategy. To
master the virtue of the long sword is to govern the world and oneself, thus the long sword
is the basis of strategy. The principle is "strategy by means of the long sword". If he
attains the virtue of the long sword, one man can beat ten men. Just as one man can beat
ten, so a hundred men can beat a thousand, and a thousand men can beat ten thousand.
my strategy, one man is the same as ten thousand, so this strategy is the complete
The Way of the warrior does not include other Ways, such as Confucianism,
Buddhism, certain traditions, artistic accomplishments and dancing.'" But even though
these are not part of the Way, if you know the Way broadly you will see it in everything.
Men must polish their particular Way.
The Benefit of Weapons in Strategy
There is a time and a place for use of weapons.
The best use of the comM
panion sword is in a confined space, or when you are
engaged closely with an opponent. The long sword can be used effectively in all
The halberd is inferior to the spear on the battlefield. With the spear you can take
the initiative; the halberd is defensive. In the hands of one of two men of equal ability, the
spear gives a little extra strength. Spear and halberd both have their uses, but neither is
very beneficial in confined spaces. They cannot be used for taking a prisoner. They are
essentially weapons for the field.
Anyway, if you learn "indoor" techniques,^^ you will think narrowly and forget the
true Way. Thus you will have difficulty in actual encounters.
The bow is tactically strong at the commencement of battle, especially battles on a
moor, as it is possible to shoot quickly from among the spearmen. However, it is
unsatisfactory in sieges, or when the enemy is more than forty yards away. For this
reason there are nowadays few traditional schools of archery. There is litM
for this kind of skill.
From inside fortifications, the gun has no equal among weapons. It is the supreme
weapon on the field before the ranks clash, but once swords are crossed the gun
One of the virtues of the bow is that you can see the arrows in flight and correct
your aim accordingly, whereas gunshot cannot be seen. You must appreciate the
importance of this.
Just as a horse must have endurance and no defects, so it is with weapons.
Horses should walk sM
trongly, and swords and companion swords should cut strongly.
Spears and halberds must stand up to heavy use: bows and guns must be sturdy.
Weapons should be hardy rather than decorative.
You should not have a favourite weapon. To become over-familiar with one
weapon is as much a fault as not knowing it sufficiently well. You should not copy others,
but use weapons which you can handle properly. It is bad for commanders and troops to
have likes and dislikes. These are things you must learn thoroughly.M
There is timing in everything. Timing in strategy cannot be mastered without a great deal
Timing is important in dancing and pipe or string music, for they are in rhythm only
if timing is good. Timing and rhythm are also involved in the military arts, shooting bows
and guns, and riding horses. In all skills and abilities there is timing.
There is also timing in the Void.
There is timing in the whole life of the warrior, in his thriving and declining, in hM
harmony and discord. Similarly, there is timing in the Way of the merchant, in the rise and
fall of capital. All things entail rising and falling timing. You must be able to discern this. In
strategy there are various timing considerations. From the outset you must know the
applicable timing and the inapplicable timing, and from among the large and small things
and the fast and slow timings find the relevant timing, first seeing the distance timing and
the background timing. This is the main thing inM
strategy. It is especially important to know
the background timing, otherwise your strategy will become uncertain.
You win in battles with the timing in the Void born of the timing of cunning by
knowing the enemies' timing, and this using a timing which the enemy does not expect.
All the five books are chiefly concerned with timing. You must train sufficiently to
appreciate all this.
If you practise day and night in the above Ichi school strategy, your spirit will
naturally broaden. Thus is larM
ge scale strategy and the strategy of hand to hand combat
propagated in the world. This is recorded for the first time in the five books of Ground,
Water, Fire, Wind (tradition), and Void. This is the Way for men who want to learn my
1. Do not think dishonestly.
2. The Way is in training.
3. Become aquainted with every art.
4. Know the Ways of all professions.
5. Distinguish between gain and loss in worldly matters.
6. Develop intuitive judgement and understanding for everythM
7. Perceive those things which cannot be seen.
8. Pay attention even to trifles.
9. Do nothing which is of no use.
It is important to start by setting these broad principles in your heart, and train in the Way
of strategy. If you do not look at things on a large scale it will be difficult for you to master
strategy. If you learn and attain this strategy you will never lose even to twenty or thirty
enemies. More than anything to start with you must set your heart on strategy and
y stick to the Way. You will come to be able to actually beat men in fights, and to
be able to win with your eye. Also by training you will be able to freely control your own
body, conquer men with your body, and with sufficient training you will be able to beat ten
men with your spirit. When you have reached this point, will it not mean that you are
Moreover, in large scale strategy the superior man will manage many subordinates
dextrously, bear himself correctly, govern the country and fM
oster the people, thus
preserving the ruler's discipline. If there is a Way involving the spirit of not being defeated,
to help oneself and gain honour, it is the Way of strategy.
The spirit of the Ni Ten Ichi school of strategy is based on water, and this Water Book
explains methods of victory as the long-sword form of the Ichi school. Language does not
extend to explaining the Way in detail, but it can be grasped intuitively. Study this book;
read a word then ponder on it. If youM
interpret the meaning loosely you will mistake the
The principles of strategy are written down here in terms of single combat, but you
must think broadly so that you attain an understanding for ten-thousand-a-side battles.
Strategy is different from other things in that if you mistake the Way even a little
you will become bewildered and fall into bad ways.
If you merely read this book you will not reach the Way of strategy. Absorb the
things written in this book. Do not just read, memoriseM
or imitate, but so that you realise
the principle from within your own heart study hard to absorb these things into your body.
Spiritual Bearing in Strategy
In strategy your spiritual bearing must not be any different from normal. Both in fighting
and in everyday life you should be determined though calm. Meet the situation without
tenseness yet not recklessly, your spirit settled yet unbiased. Even when your spirit is
calm do not let your body relax, and when your body is relaxed do not let yourM
slacken. Do not let your spirit be influenced by your body, or your body influenced by your
spirit. Be neither insufficiently spirited nor over spirited. An elevated spirit is weak and a
low spirit is weak. Do not let the enemy see your spirit.
Small people must be completely familiar with the spirit of large people, and large
people must be familiar with the spirit of small people. Whatever your size, do not be
misled by the reactions of your own body. With your spirit open and unconstricted,M
things from a high point of view. You must cultivate your wisdom and spirit. Polish your
wisdom: learn public justice, distinguish between good and evil, study the Ways of
different arts one by one. When you cannot be deceived by men you will have realised the
wisdom of strategy.
The wisdom of strategy is different from other things. On the battlefield, even when
you are hard-pressed, you should ceaselessly research the principles of strategy so that
you can develop a steady spirit.
Adopt a stance with the head erect, neither hanging down, nor looking up, nor twisted.
Your forehead and the space between your eyes should not be wrinkled. Do not roll your
eyes nor allow them to blink, but slightly narrow them. With your features composed, keep
the line of your nose straight with a feeling of slightly flaring your nostrils. Hold the line of
the rear of the neck straight: instil vigour into your hairline, and in the same way from the
shoulders down through your enM
tire body. Lower both shoulders and, without the buttocks
jutting out, put strength into your legs from the knees to the tops of your toes. Brace your
abdomen so that you do not bend at the hips. Wedge your companion sword in your belt
against your abdomen, so that your belt is not slack
this is called "wedging in".
In all forms of strategy, it is necessary to maintain the combat stance in everyday
life and to make your everyday stance your combat stance. You must research this well.
The gaze should be large and broad. This is the twofold gaze "Perception and Sight".
Perception is strong and sight weak.
In strategy it is important to see distant things as if they were close and to take a
distanced view of close things. It is important in strategy to know the enemy's sword and
not to be distracted by insignificant movements of his sword. You must study this. The
gaze is the same for single combat and for large-scale combat.
It is necessary in strategy to be able tM
o look to both sides without moving the
eyeballs. You cannot master this ability quickly. Learn what is written here: use this gaze
in everyday life and do not vary it whatever happens.
Holding the Long Sword
Grip the long sword with a rather floating feeling in your thumb and forefinger, with the
middle finger neither tight nor slack, and with the last two fingers tight. It is bad to have
play in your hands.
When you take up a sword, you must feel intent on cutting the enemy. As you cut
enemy you must not change your grip, and your hands must not "cower". When you
dash the enemy's sword aside, or ward it off, or force it down, you must slightly change
the feeling in your thumb and forefinger. Above all, you must be intent on cutting the
enemy in the way you grip the sword.
The grip for combat and for sword-testing^^ is the same. There is no such thing as
a "man-cutting grip".
Generally, I dislike fixedness in both long swords and hands. Fixedness means a
dead hand. Pliability is M
a living hand. You must bear this in mind.
With the tips of your toes somewhat floating, tread firmly with your heels. Whether you
move fast or slow, with large or small steps, your feet must always move as in normal walking.
I dislike the three walking methods known as "jumping-foot", "floating-foot" and "fixed-steps".
So-called "Yin-Yang foot" is important to the Way. Yin-Yang foot means not
moving only one foot. It means moving your feet left-right and right-left when cutting,
awing, or warding off a cut. You should not move one foot preferentially.
The five attitudes are: Upper, Middle, Lower, Right Side, and Left Side. These are the five.
Although attitude has these five dimensions, the one purpose of all of them is to cut the
enemy. There are none but these five attitudes.
Whatever attitude you are in, do not be conscious of making the attitude; think only
Your attitude should be large or small according to the situation. Upper, LM
Middle attitudes are decisive. Left Side and Right Side attitudes are fluid. Left and Right
attitudes should be used if there is an obstruction overhead or to one side. The decision to
use Left or Right depends on the place.
The essence of the Way is this. To understand attitude you must thoroughly
understand the Middle attitude. The Middle attitude is the heart of the attitudes. If we look
at strategy on a broad scale, the Middle attitude is the seat of the commander, with the
ttitudes following the commander. You must appreciate this.
The Way of the Long Sword
Knowing the Way of the long sword means we can wield with two fingers the sword that
we usually carry. If we know the path of the sword well, we can wield it easily.
If you try to wield the long sword quickly you will mistake the Way. To wield the
long sword well you must wield it calmly. If you try to wield it quickly, like a folding fan
or a short sword, you will err by using "short sword chopping". You cannotM
long sword using this method.
When you have cut downwards with the long sword, lift it straight upwards, when
you cut sideways, return the sword along a sideways path. Return the sword in a
reasonable way, always stretching the elbows broadly. Wield the sword strongly. This is
the Way of the long sword.
If you learn to use the five approaches of my strategy, you will be able to wield a
sword well. You must train constantly.
The Five Approaches
1. The first approach is tM
he Middle attitude. Confront the enemy with the point of your
sword against his face. When he attacks, dash his sword to the right and "ride" it.
Or, when the enemy attacks, deflect the point of his sword by hitting downwards,
keep your long sword where it is, and as the enemy renews the attack cut his arms
from below. This is the first method.
The five approaches are this kind of thing. You must train repeatedly using a
long sword in order to learn them. When you master my Way of the long sword, you M
will be able to control any attack the enemy makes. I assure you, there are no
attitudes other than the five attitudes of the long sword of NiTo.
2. In the second approach with the long sword, from the Upper attitude cut the enemy
just as he attacks. If the enemy evades the cut, keep your sword where it is and,
scooping from below, cut him as he renews the attack. It is possible to repeat the
In this method there are various changes in timing and spirit. You will be able
tand this by training in the Ichi school. You will always win with the five
long sword methods. You must train repeatedly.
3. In the third approach, adopt the Lower attitude, anticipating scooping up. When the
enemy attackes, hit his hands from below. As you do so, he may try to hit your
sword down. If this is the case, cut his upper arm(s) horizontally with a feeling of
"crossing". This means that from the Lower attitudes you hit the enemy at the instant
You will encounter this mM
ethod often, both as a beginner and in later
strategy. You must train holding a long sword.
4. In this fourth approach, adopt the Left Side attitude. As the enemy attacks, hit his
hands from below. If as you hit his hands he attempts to dash down your sword,
with the feeling of hitting his hands, parry the path of his long sword and cut across
from above your shoulder.
This is the Way of the long sword. Through this method you win by parrying
the line of the enemy's attack. You must study this.
5. In the fifth approach, the sword is in the Right Side attitude. In accordance with the
enemy's attack, cross your sword from below at the side to the Upper attitude. Then
cut straight from above.
This method is essential for knowing the Way of the long sword well. If you
can use this method, you can freely wield a heavy long sword.
I cannot describe in detail how to use these five approaches. You must become well
acquainted with my "in harmony with the long sword" Way, learn large-scale timing,M
understand the enemy's long sword, and become used to the five approaches from the
outset. You will always win by using these five methods, with various timing
considerations discerning the enemy's spirit. You must consider all this carefully.
The "Attitude-No-Attitude" Teaching
"Attitude No-Attitude" means that there is no need for what are known as long sword
Even so, attitudes exist as the five ways of holding the long sword. However you
hold the sword it must be in such a wayM
that it is easy to cut the enemy well, in
accordance with the situation, the place, and your relation to the enemy. From the Upper
attitude as your spirit lessens you can adopt the Middle attitude, and from the Middle
attitude you can raise the sword a little in your technique and adopt the Upper attitude.
From the Lower attitude you can raise the sword a little and adopt the Middle attitudes as
the occasion demands. According to the situation, if you turn your sword from either the
t Side attitude towards the centre, the Middle or the Lower attitude
The principle of this is called "Existing Attitude
Non-existing Attitude".
The primary thing when you take a sword in your hands is your intention to cut the
enemy, whatever the means. Whenever you parry, hit, spring, strike or touch the enemy's
cutting sword, you must cut the enemy in the same movement. It is essential to attain this.
If you think only of hitting, springing, striking or touching the enemy, you will noM
actually to cut him. More than anything, you must be thinking of carrying your movement
through to cutting him. You must thoroughly research this.
Attitude in strategy on a larger scale is called "Battle Array". Such attitudes are all
for winning battles. Fixed formation is bad. Study this well.
To Hit the Enemy "In One Timing"
"In One Timing" means, when you have closed with the enemy, to hit him as quickly and
directly as possible, without moving your body or settling your spirit, M
while you see that he
is still undecided. The timing of hitting before the enemy decides to withdraw, break or hit,
is this "In One Timing".
You must train to achieve this timing, to be able to hit in the timing of an instant.
The "Abdomen Timing of Two"
When you attack and the enemy quickly retreats, as you see him tense you must feint a
cut. Then, as he relaxes, follow up and hit him. This is the "Abdomen Timing of Two".
It is very difficult to attain this merely by reading this book, but M
understand with a little instruction.
No Design, No Conception
In this method, when the enemy attacks and you decide to attack, hit with your body, and
hit with your spirit, and hit from the Void with your hands, accelerating strongly. This is the
"No Design, No Conception" cut.
This is the most important method of hitting. It is often used. You must train hard to
The Flowing Water Cut
The "Flowing Water Cut" is used when you are struggling blade to blade M
When he breaks and quickly withdraws trying to spring with his long sword, expand your
body and spirit and cut him as slowly as possible with your long sword, following your
body like stagnant water. You can cut with certainty if you learn this. You must discern the
When you attack and the enemy also attacks, and your swords spring together, in one
action cut his head, hands and legs. When you cut several places with one sweep of the
is the "Continuous Cut". You must practise this cut; it is often used. With
detailed practice you should be able to understand it.
The Fire and Stones Cut
The Fires and Stones Cut means that when the enemy's long sword and your long sword
clash together you cut as strongly as possible without raising the sword even a little. This
means cutting quickly with the hands, body and legs
all three cutting strongly. If you train
well enough you will be able to strike strongly.
The Red Leaves Cut^^ means knocking down the enemy's long sword. The spirit should
be getting control of his sword. When the enemy is in a long sword attitude in front of you
and intent on cutting, hitting and parrying, you strongly hit the enemy's sword with the Fire
and Stones Cut, perhaps in the design of the "No Design, No Conception" Cut. If you then
beat down the point of his sword with a sticky feeling, he will necessarily drop the sword. If
you practise this cut it becomes easy to make the eM
nemy drop his sword. You must train
The Body in Place of the Long Sword
Also "the long sword in place of the body". Usually we move the body and the sword at
the same time to cut the enemy. However, according to the enemy's cutting method, you
can dash against him with your body first, and afterwards cut with the sword. If his body is
immoveable, you can cut first with the long sword, but generally you hit first with the body
and then cut with the long sword. You must research thisM
well and practise hitting.
To cut and slash are two different things. Cutting, whatever form of cutting it is, is decisive,
with a resolute spirit. Slashing is nothing more than touching the enemy. Even if you slash
strongly, and even if the enemy dies instantly, it is slashing. When you cut, your spirit is
resolved. You must appreciate this. If you first slash the enemy's hands or legs, you must
then cut strongly. Slashing is in spirit the same as touching. When you realise this, tM
become indistinguishable. Learn this well.
Chinese Monkey's Body
The Chinese Monkey's Body"*" is the spirit of not stretching out your arms. The spirit is to
get in quickly, without in the least extending your arms, before the enemy cuts. If you are
intent upon not stretching out your arms you are effectively far away, the spirit is to go in
with your whole body. When you come to within arm's reach it becomes easy to move
your body in. You must research this well.
Glue and Lacquer EmulM
The spirit of "Glue and Lacquer Emulsion Body" is to stick to the enemy and not separate from
him. When you approach the enemy, stick firmly with your head, body and legs. People tend to
advance their head and legs quickly, but their body lags behind. You should stick firmly so that
there is not the slightest gap between the enemy's body and your body. You must consider this
To Strive for Height
By "to strive for height" is meant, when you close with the enemy, to strive wM
superior height without cringing. Stretch your legs, stretch your hips, and stretch your neck
face to face with him. When you think you have won, and you are the higher, thrust in
strongly. You must learn this.
To Apply Stickiness
When the enemy attacks and you also attack with the long sword, you should go in with a
sticky feeling and fix your long sword against the enemy's as you receive his cut. The
spirit of stickiness is not hitting very strongly, but hitting so that the long swM
separate easily. It is best to approach as calmly as possible when hitting the enemy's long
sword with stickiness. The difference between "Stickiness" and "Entanglement" is that
stickiness is firm and entanglement is weak. You must appreciate this.
The Body Strike means to approach the enemy through a gap in his guard. The spirit is to
strike him with your body. Turn your face a little aside and strike the enemy's breast with
your left shoulder thrust out. Approach wiM
th a spirit of bouncing the enemy away, striking
as strongly as possible in time with your breathing. If you achieve this method of closing
with the enemy, you will be able to knock him ten or twenty feet away. It is possible to
strike the enemy until he is dead. Train well.
Three Ways to Parry His Attack
There are three methods to parry a cut:
First, by dashing the enemy's long sword to your right, as if thrusting at his eyes.
Or, to parry by thrusting the enemy's long sword towards his rigM
feeling of snipping his neck.
Or, when you have a short "long sword", without worrying about parrying the
enemy's long sword, to close with him quickly, thrusting at his face with your left hand.
These are the three ways of parrying. You must bear in mind that you can always
clench your left hand and thrust at the enemy's face with your fist. For this it is necessary
To Stab at the Face
To stab at the face means, when you are in confrontation with the enemy, M
is intent on stabbing at his face, following the line of the blades with the point of your long
sword. If you are intent on stabbling at his face, his face and body will become rideable.
When the enemy becomes rideable, there are various opportunities for winning. You must
concentrate on this. When fighting and the enemy's body becomes as if rideable, you can
win quickly, so you ought not to forget to stab at the face. You must persue the value of
this technique through training.
To Stab at the Heart
To stab at the heart means, when fighting and there are obstructions above or to the
sides, and whenever it is difficult to cut, to thrust at the enemy. You must stab the enemy's
breast without letting the point of your long sword waver, showing the enemy the ridge of
the blade square-on, and with the spirit of deflecting his long sword. The spirit of this
principle is often useful when we become tired or for some reason our long sword will not
cut. You must understand the applicaM
tion of this method.
To Scold "Tut-TUT!"
"Scold" means that, when the enemy tries to counter-cut as you attack, you counter-cut
again from below as if thrusting at him, trying to hold him down. With very quick timing you
cut, scolding the enemy. Thrust up, "Tut!", and cut "TUT!" This timing is encountered time
and time again in exchanges of blows. The way to scold Tut-TUT is to time the cut
simultaneously with raising your long sword as if to thrust the enemy. You must learn this
By "smacking parry" is meant that when you clash swords with the enemy, you meet his
attacking cut on your long sword with a tee-dum, tee-dum rhythm, smacking his sword
and cutting him. The spirit of the smacking parry is not parrying, or smacking strongly, but
smacking the enemy's long sword in accordance with his attacking cut, primarily intent on
quickly cutting him. If you understand the timing of smacking, however hard your long
swords clash together, your sM
wordpoint will not be knocked back even a little. You must
research sufficiently to realise this.
There are Many Enemies
"There are many enemies'"*^ applies when you are fighting one against many. Draw both
sword and companion sword and assume a wide-stretched left and right attitude. The
spirit is to chase the enemies around from side to side, even though they come from all
four directions. Observe their attacking order, and go to meet first those who attack first.
Sweep your eyes around broadlM
y, carefully examining the attacking order, and cut left and
right alternately with your swords. Waiting is bad. Always quickly reassume your attitudes
to both sides, cut the enemies down as they advance, crushing them in the direction from
which they attack. Whatever you do, you must drive the enemy together, as if tying a line
of fishes, and when they are seen to be piled up, cut them down strongly without giving
The Advantage When Coming to Blows
You can know how to win thrM
ough strategy with the long sword, but it cannot be clearly
explained in writing. You must practise diligently in order to understand how to win.
Oral tradition:*^'The true Way of strategy is revealed in the long sword."
You can win with certainty with the spirit of "one cut".^* It is difficult to attain this if you do
not learn strategy well. If you train well in this Way, strategy will come from your heart and
you will be able to win at will. You must train diligently.
The spirit of "Direct Communication" is how the true Way of the NiTo Ichi school is
received and handed down.
Oral tradition: "Teach your body strategy."
Recorded in the above book is an outline of Ichi school sword fighting.
To learn how to win with the long sword in strategy, first learn the five approaches
and the five attitudes, and absorb the Way of the long sword naturally in your body. You
must understand spirit and timing, handle the long sword naturally, and move body and
egs in harmony with your spirit. Whether beating one man or two, you will then know
values in strategy.
Study the contents of this book, taking one item at a time, and through fighting with
enemies you will gradually come to know the principle of the Way.
Deliberately, with a patient spirit, absorb the virtue of all this, from time to time
raising your hand in combat. Maintain this spirit whenever you cross swords with an
Step by step walk the thousand-mile road.
Study strategy over tM
he years and achieve the spirit of the warrior. Today is victory
over yourself of yesterday; tomorrow is your victory over lesser men. Next, in order to beat
more skilful men, train according to this book, not allowing your heart to be swayed along
a side-track. Even if you kill an enemy, if it is not based on what you have learned it is not
If you attain this Way of victory, then you will be able to beat several tens of men.
What remains is sword-fighting ability, which you can attain iM
n battles and duels.
In this the Fire Book of the NiTo Ichi school of strategy I describe fighting as fire.
In the first place, people think narrowly about the benefit of strategy. By using only
their fingertips, they only know the benefit of three of the five inches of the wrist. They let a
contest be decided, as with the folding fan, merely by the span of their forearms. They
specialise in the small matter of dexterity, learning such trifles as hand and leg
movements with the M
bamboo practise sword. ^^
In my strategy, the training for killing enemies is by way of many contests, fighting
for survival, discovering the meaning of life and death, learning the Way of the sword,
judging the strength of attacks and understanding the Way of the "edge and ridge" of the
You cannot profit from small techniques particularly when full armor is worn.*' My
Way of strategy is the sure method to win when fighting for your life one man against five
or ten. There is nothing wrong wM
ith the principle "one man can beat ten, so a thousand
men can beat ten thousand". You must research this. Of course you cannot assemble a
thousand or ten thousand men for everyday training. But you can become a master of
strategy by training alone with a sword, so that you can understand the enemy's
strategies, his strength and resources, and come to appreciate how to apply strategy to
beat ten thousand enemies.
Any man who wants to master the essence of my strategy must research
ng morning and evening. Thus can he polish his skill, become free from
self, and realise extrordinary ability. He will come to posess miraculous power.
This is the practical result of strategy.
Depending on the Place
Examine your environment.
Stand in the sun; that is, take up an attitude with the sun behind you. If the
situation does not allow this, you must try to keep the sun on your right side. In buildings,
you must stand with the entrance behind you or to your right. Make sure that yourM
unobstructed, and that there is free space on your left, your right side being occupied with
your sword attitude. At night, if the enemy can be seen, keep the fire behind you and the
entrance to your right, and otherwise take up your attitude as above. You must look down
on the enemy, and take up your attitude on slightly higher places. For example, the Kamiza
in a house is thought of as a high place.
When the fight comes, always endeavour to chase the enemy around to your left
im towards awkward places, and try to keep him with his back to awkward
places. When the enemy gets into an inconvenient position, do not let him look around,
but conscientiously chase him around and pin him down. In houses, chase the enemy into
the thresholds, lintels, doors, verandas, pillars, and so on, again not letting him see his
Always chase the enemy into bad footholds, obstacles at the side, and so on,
using the virtues of the place to establish predominant positions from which to M
must research and train diligently in this.
The Three Methods to Forestall the Enemy
The first is to forestall him by attacking. This is called Ken No Sen (to set him up).
Another method is to forestall him as he attacks. This is called Tai No Sen (to wait
for the initiative).
The other method is when you and the enemy attack together. This is called Tai
Tai No Sen (to accompany him and forestall him).
There are no methods of taking the lead other than these three. Because youM
win quickly by taking the lead, it is one of the most important things in strategy. There are
several things involved in taking the lead. You must make the best of the situation, see
through the enemy's spirit so that you grasp his strategy and defeat him. It is impossible to
write about this in detail.
The First-Ken No Sen
When you decide to attack, keep calm and dash in quickly, forestalling the enemy. Or you
can advance seemingly strongly but with a reserved spirit, forestalling him withM
Alternately, advance with as strong a spirit as possible, and when you reach the
enemy move with your feet a little quicker than normal, unsettling him and overwhelming
Or, with your spirit calm, attack with a feeling of constantly crushing the enemy,
from first to last. The spirit is to win in the depths of the enemy.
These are all Ken No Sen.
The Second-Tai No Sen
When the enemy attacks, remain undisturbed but feign weakness. As the enemy reaches
denly move away indicating that you intend to jump aside, then dash in attacking
strongly as soon as you see the enemy relax. This is one way.
Or, as the enemy attacks, attack more strongly, taking advantage of the resulting
disorder in his timing to win.
This is the Tai No Sen principle.
The Third-Tai Tai No Sen
When the enemy makes a quick attack, you must attack strongly and calmly, aim for his
weak point as he draws near, and strongly defeat him.
Or, if the enemy attacks calmly, you M
must observe his movement and, with your
body rather floating, join in with his movements as he draws near. Move quickly and cut
This is Tai Tai No Sen.
These things cannot be clearly explained in words. You must research what is written
here. In these three ways of forestalling, you must judge the situation. This does not mean
that you always attack first; but if the enemy attacks first you can lead him around. In
strategy, you have effectively won when you forestall the enemy, so yoM
u must train well to
To Hold Down a Pillow
"To Hold Down a Pillow"^^ means not allowing the enemy's head to rise.
In contests of stategy it is bad to be led about by the enemy. You must always be
able to lead the enemy about. Obviously the enemy will also be thinking of doing this, but
he cannot forestall you if you do not allow him to come out. In strategy, you must stop the
enemy as he attempts to cut; you must push down his thrust, and throw off his hold when
ple. This is the meaning of "to hold down a pillow". When you have
grasped this principle, whatever the enemy tries to bring about in the fight you will see in
advance and suppress it. The spirit is to check his attack at the syllable "at...", when he
jumps check his advance at the syllable "ju...", and check his cut at "cu...".
The important thing in strategy is to suppress the enemy's useful actions but allow
his useless actions. However, doing this alone is defensive. First, you must act according
to the Way, suppress the enemy's techniques, foiling his plans, and thence command him
directly. When you can do this you will be a master of strategy. You must train well and
research "holding down a pillow".
"Crossing at a ford" means, for example, crossing the sea at a strait, or crossing over a
hundred miles of broad sea at a crossing place. I believe this "crossing at a ford" occurs
often in a man's lifetime. It means setting sail even though your friends stay in harbour,
knowing the route, knowing the soundness of your ship and the favour of the day. When
all the conditions are met, and there is perhaps a favourable wind, or a tailwind, then set
sail. If the wind changes within a few miles of your destination, you must row across the
remaining distance without sail.
If you attain this spirit, it applies to everyday life. You must always think of crossing
In strategy also it is important to "cross at a ford". Discern the enemy's capability
your own strong points, "cross the ford" at the advantageous place, as a
good captain crosses a sea route. If you succeed in crossing at the best place, you may
take your ease. To cross at a ford means to attack the enemy's weak point, and to put
yourself in an advantageous position. This is how to win in large-scale strategy. The spirit
of crossing at a ford is necessary in both large
and small-scale strategy.
You must research this well.
"To know the times" means to knoM
w the enemy's disposition in battle. Is it flourishing or
waning? By observing the spirit of the enemy's men and getting the best position, you can
work out the enemy's disposition and move your men accordingly. You can win through
this principle of strategy, fighting from a position of advantage.
When in a duel, you must forestall the enemy and attack when you have first
recognised his school of strategy, perceived his quality and his strong and weak points.
Attack in an unsuspected manner, knowing hM
is metre and modulation and the appropriate
Knowing the times means, if your ability is high, seeing right into things. If you are
thoroughly conversant with strategy, you will recognise the enemy's intentions and thus
have many opportunities to win. You must sufficiently study this.
To Tread Down the Sword
"To tread down the sword" is a principle often used in strategy. First, in large-scale
strategy, when the enemy first discharges bows and guns and then attacks, it is difficult
r us to attack if we are busy loading powder into our guns or notching our arrows. The
spirit is to attack quickly while the enemy is still shooting with bows or guns. The spirit is to
win by "treading down" as we receive the enemy's attack.
In single combat, we cannot get a decisive victory by cutting, with a "tee-dum tee-
dum" feeling, in the wake of the enemy's attacking long sword. We must defeat him at the
start of his attack, in the spirit of treading him down with the feet, so that he cannot riseM
again to the attack.
"Treading" does not simply mean treading with the feet. Tread with the body, tread
with the spirit, and, of course, tread and cut with the long sword. You must achieve the
spirit of not allowing the enemy to attack a second time. This is the spirit of forestalling in
every sense. Once at the enemy, you should not aspire just to strike him, but to cling after
the attack. You must study this deeply.
Everything can collapse. Houses, bodies, and enemies cM
ollapse when their rhythm
In large-scale strategy, when the enemy starts to collapse you must persue him
without letting the chance go. If you fail to take advantage of your enemies' collapse, they
In single combat, the enemy sometimes loses timing and collapses. If you let this
opportunity pass, he may recover and not be so negligent thereafter. Fix your eye on the
enemy's collapse, and chase him, attacking so that you do not let him recover. You must
chasing attack is with a strong spirit. You must utterly cut the enemy down so
that he does not recover his position. You must understand utterly how to cut down the
To Become the Enemy
"To become the enemy" means to think yourself into the enemy's position. In the world
people tend to think of a robber trapped in a house as a fortified enemy. However, if we
think of "becoming the enemy", we feel that the whole world is against us and that there is
no escape. He who is shut inside is a pM
heasant. He who enters to arrest is a hawk. You
must appreciate this.
In large-scale strategy, people are always under the impression that the enemy is
strong, and so tend to become cautious. But if you have good soldiers, and if you
understand the principles of strategy, and if you know how to beat the enemy, there is
nothing to worry about.
In single combat also you must put yourself in the enemy's position. If you think,
"Here is a master of the Way, who knows the principles of strategy", then M
lose. You must consider this deeply.
To Release Four Hands
"To release four hands"^
is used when you and the enemy are contending with the same
spirit, and the issue cannot be decided. Abandon this spirit and win through an alternative
In large-scale strategy, when there is a "four hands" spirit, do not give up
man's existence. Immediately throw away this spirit and win with a technique the enemy
In single combat also, when we think M
we have fallen into the "four hands" situation,
we must defeat the enemy by changing our mind and applying a suitable technique
according to his condition. You must be able to judge this.
"To move the shade" is used when you cannot see the enemy's spirit.
In large-scale strategy, when you cannot see the enemy's position, indicate that
you are about to attack strongly, to discover his resources. It is easy then to defeat him
with a different method once you see his resources. M
In single combat, if the enemy takes up a rear or side attitude of the long sword so
that you cannot see his intention, make a feint attack, and the enemy will show his long
sword, thinking he sees your spirit. Benefiting from what you are shown, you can win with
certainty. If you are negligent you will miss the timing. Research this well.
To Hold Down a Shadow
"Holding down a shadow" is used when you can see the enemy's attacking spirit.
In large-scale strategy, when the enemy embarks on an M
attack, if you make a
show of strongly suppressing his technique, he will change his mind. Then, altering your
spirit, defeat him by forestalling him with a Void spirit.
Or, in single combat, hold down the enemy's strong intention with a suitable timing,
and defeat him by forestalling him with this timing. You must study this well.
Many things are said to be passed on. Sleepiness can be passed on, and yawning can be
passed on. Time can be passed on also.
In large-scale strategy,M
when the enemy is agitated and shows an inclination to
rush, do not mind in the least. Make a show of complete calmness, and the enemy will be
taken by this and will become relaxed. When you see that this spirit has been passed on,
you can bring about the enemy's defeat by attacking strongly with a Void spirit.
In single combat, you can win by relaxing your body and spirit and then, catching
on the moment the enemy relaxes, attack strongly and quickly, forestalling him.
What is known as "getting soM
meone drunk" is similar to this. You can also infect
the enemy with a bored, careless, or weak spirit. You must study this well.
To Cause Loss of Balance
Many things can cause a loss of balance. One cause is danger, another is hardship, and
another is surprise. You must research this.
In large-scale strategy it is important to cause loss of balance. Attack without
warning where the enemy is not expecting it, and while his spirit is undecided follow up
your advantage and, having the lead, defeaM
Or, in single combat, start by making a show of being slow, then suddenly attack
strongly. Without allowing him space for breath to recover from the fluctuation of spirit, you
must grasp the opportunity to win. Get the feel of this.
Fright often occurs, caused by the unexpected.
In large-scale strategy you can frighten the enemy not by what you present to their
eyes, but by shouting, making a small force seem large, or by threatening them from the
flank without warning. M
These things all frighten. You can win by making best use of the
enemy's frightened rhythm.
In single combat, also, you must use the advantage of taking the enemy unawares
by frightening him with your body, long sword, or voice, to defeat him. You should
research this well.
When you have come to grips and are striving together with the enemy, and you realise
that you cannot advance, you "soak in" and become one with the enemy. You can win by
applying a suitable technique while youM
are mutually entangled.
In battles involving large numbers as well as in fights with small numbers, you can
often win decisively with the advantage of knowing how to "soak" into the enemy,
whereas, were you to draw apart, you would lose the chance to win. Research this well.
To Injure the Corners
It is difficult to move strong things by pushing directly, so you should "injure the corners".
In large-scale strategy, it is beneficial to strike at the corners of the enemy's force.
s are overthrown, the spirit of the whole body will be overthrown. To defeat
the enemy you must follow up the attack when the corners have fallen.
In single combat, it is easy to win once the enemy collapses. This happens when
you injure the "corners" of his body, and this weaken him. It is important to know how to
do this, so you must research this deeply.
To Throw into Confusion
This means making the enemy lose resolve.
In large-scale strategy we can use your troops to confuse the enemy onM
Observing the enemy's spirit, we can make him think, "Here? There? Like that? Like this?
Slow? Fast?" Victory is certain when the enemy is caught up in a rhythm that confuses his
In single combat, we can confuse the enemy by attacking with varied techniques
when the chance arises. Feint a thrust or cut, or make the enemy think you are going
close to him, and when he is confused you can easily win.
This is the essence of fighting, and you must research it deeply.
The three shouts are divided thus: before, during and after. Shout according to the
situation. The voice is a thing of life. We shout against fires and so on, against the wind
and the waves. The voice shows energy.
In large-scale strategy, at the start of battle we shout as loudly as possible. During
the fight, the voice is low-pitched, shouting out as we attack. After the contest, we shout in
the wake of our victory. These are the three shouts.
In single combat, we make as if to cut andM
shout "Ei!" at the same time to disturb
the enemy, then in the wake of our shout we cut with the long sword. We shout after we
have cut down the enemy
this is to announce victory. This is called "sen go no koe"
(before and after voice). We do not shout simultaneously with flourishing the long sword.
We shout during the fight to get into rhythm. Research this deeply.
In battles, when the armies are in confrontation, attack the enemy's strong points and,
when you see that they are bM
eaten back, quickly separate and attack yet another strong
point on the periphery of his force. The spirit of this is like a winding mountain path.
This is an important fighting method for one man against many. Strike down the
enemies in one quarter, or drive them back, then grasp the timing and attack further
strong points to right and left, as if on a winding mountain path, weighing up the enemies'
disposition. When you know the enemies' level, attack strongly with no trace of retreating
What is meant by 'mingling' is the spirit of advancing and becoming engaged with
the enemy, and not withdrawing even one step. You must understand this.
This means to crush the enemy regarding him as being weak.
In large-scale strategy, when we see that the enemy has few men, or if he has
many men but his spirit is weak and disordered, we knock the hat over his eyes, crushing
him utterly. If we crush lightly, he may recover. You must learn the spirit of crushing as if
In single combat, if the enemy is less skilful than yourself, if his rhythm is
disorganized, or if he has fallen into evasive or retreating attitudes, we must crush him
straightaway, with no concern for his presence and without allowing him space for breath.
It is essential to crush him all at once. The primary thing is not to let him recover his
position even a little. You must research this deeply.
The Mountain-Sea Change
The "mountain-sea" spirit means that it is bad to repeat the same tM
when fighting the enemy. There may be no help but to do something twice, but do not try it
a third time. If you once make an attack and fail, there is little chance of success if you use
the same approach again. If you attempt a technique which you have previously tried
unsucessfully and fail yet again, then you must change your attacking method.
If the enemy thinks of the mountains, attack like the sea; and if he thinks of the
sea, attack like the mountains. You must research this M
To Penetrate the Depths
When we are fighting with the enemy, even when it can be seen that we can win on the
surface with the benefit of the Way, if his spirit is not extinguished, he may be beaten
superficially yet undefeated in spirit deep inside. With this principle of "penetrating the
depths" we can destroy the enemy's spirit in its depths, demoralising him by quickly
changing our spirit. This often occurs.
Penetrating the depths means penetrating with the long sword, penetrating wM
the body, and penetrating with the spirit. This cannot be understood in a generalisation.
Once we have crushed the enemy in the depths, there is no need to remain
spirited. But otherwise we must remain spirited. If the enemy remains spirited it is difficult
to crush him. You must train in penetrating the depths for large-scale strategy and also
"To renew" applies when we are fighting with the enemy, and an entangled spirit arises
where there is no possible resolutM
ion. We must abandon our efforts, think of the situation
in a fresh spirit then win in the new rhythm. To renew, when we are deadlocked with the
enemy, means that without changing our circumstance we change our spirit and win
through a different technique.
It is necessary to consider how "to renew" also applies in large-scale strategy.
Research this diligently.
Rat's Head, Ox's Neck
"Rat's head and ox's neck" means that, when we are fighting with the enemy and both he
and we have become occuM
pied with small points in an entangled spirit, we must always
think of the Way of strategy as being both a rat's head and an ox's neck. Whenever we
have become preoccupied with small details, we must suddenly change into a large spirit,
interchanging large with small.
This is one of the essences of strategy. It is necessary that the warrior think in this
spirit in everyday life. You must not depart from this spirit in large-scale strategy nor in
The Commander Knows the Troops
"The commander knows the troops" applies everywhere in fights in my Way of strategy.
Using the wisdom of strategy, think of the enemy as your own troops. When you
think in this way you can move him at will and be able to chase him around. You become
the general and the enemy becomes your troops. You must master this.
There are various kinds of spirit involved in letting go the hilt.
There is the spirit of winning without a sword. There is also the spirit of holding the
g sword but not winning. The various methods cannot be expressed in writing. You
When you have mastered the Way of strategy you can suddenly make your body like a
rock, and ten thousand things cannot touch you. This is the body of a rock.
You will not be moved. Oral tradition.
What is recorded above is what has been constantly on my mind about Ichi school
sword fencing, written down as it came to me. This is the first time I have written about my
, and the order of things is a bit confused. It is difficult to express it clearly.
This book is a spiritual guide for the man who wishes to learn the Way.
My heart has been inclined to the Way of strategy from my youth onwards. I have
devoted myself to training my hand, tempering my body, and attaining the many spiritual
attitudes of sword fencing. If we watch men of other schools discussing theory, and
concentrating on techniques with the hands, even though they seem skilful to watch, they
t the slightest true spirit.
Of course, men who study in this way think they are training the body and spirit,
but it is an obstacle to the true Way, and its bad influence remains for ever. Thus the true
Way of strategy is becoming decadent and dying out.
The true Way of sword fencing is the craft of defeating the enemy in a fight, and
nothing other than this. If you attain and adhere to the wisdom of my strategy, you need
never doubt that you will win.
In strategy you must M
know the Ways of other schools, so I have written about various
other traditions of strategy in this the Wind Book.
Without knowledge of the Ways of other schools, it is difficult to understand the
essence of my Ichi school. Looking at other schools we find some that specialise in
techniques of strength using extra-long swords. Some schools study the Way of the short
sword, known as kodachi. Some schools teach dexterity in large numbers of sword
techniques, teaching attitudes of the sword as the "surfM
ace" and the Way as the "interior".
That none of these are the true Way I show clearly in the interior of this book
the vices and virtues and rights and wrongs. My Ichi school is different. Other schools
make accomplishments their means of livelihood, growing flowers and decoratively
colouring articles in order to sell them. This is definately not the Way of strategy.
Some of the world's strategists are concerned only with sword fencing, and limit
their training to flourishing the long swordM
and carriage of the body. But is dexterity alone
sufficient to win? This is not the essence of the Way.
I have recorded the unsatisfactory points of other schools one by one in this book.
You must study these matters deeply to appreciate the benefit of my Ni To Ichi school.
Other Schools Using Extra-Long Swords
Some other schools have a liking for extra-long swords. From the point of view of my
strategy these must be seen as weak schools. This is because they do not appreciate the
f cutting the enemy by any means. Their preference is for the extra-long sword
and, relying on the virtue of its length, they think to defeat the enemy from a distance.
In this world it is said, "One inch gives the hand advantage", but these are the idle
words of one who does not know strategy. It shows the inferior strategy of a weak sprit
that men should be dependant on the length of their sword, fighting from a distance
without the benefit of strategy.
I expect there is a case for the school in qM
uestion liking extra-long swords as part
of it's doctrine, but if we compare this with real life it is unreasonable. Surely we need not
necessarily be defeated if we are using a short sword, and have no long sword?
It is difficult for these people to cut the enemy when at close quarters because of
the length of the long sword. The blade path is large so the long sword is an
encumbrance, and they are at a disadvantage compared to the man armed with a short
From olden times it has bM
een said: "Great and small go together." So do not
unconditionally dislike extra-long swords. What I dislike is the inclination towards the long
sword. If we consider large-scale strategy, we can think of large forces in terms of long
swords, and small forces as short swords. Cannot few men give battle against many?
There are many instances of few men overcoming many.
Your strategy is of no account if when called on to fight in a confined space your
heart is inclined to the long sword, or if you areM
in a house armed only with your
companion sword. Besides, some men have not the strength of others.
In my doctrine, I dislike preconceived, narrow spirit. You must study this well.
The Strong Long Sword Spirit in Other Schools
You should not speak of strong and weak long swords. If you just wield the long sword in
a strong spirit your cutting will become coarse, and if you use the sword coarsely you will
have difficulty in winning.
If you are concerned with the strength of your sword, you wM
unreasonably strongly, and will not be able to cut at all. It is also bad to try to cut strongly
when testing the sword. Whenever you cross swords with an enemy you must not think of
cutting him either strongly or weakly; just think of cutting and killing him. Be intent solely
on killing the enemy. Do not try to cut strongly and, of course, do not think of cutting
weakly. You should only be concerned with killing the enemy.
If you rely on strength, when you hit the enemy's sword you wilM
l inevitably hit too
hard. If you do this, your own sword will be carried along as a result. Thus the saying,
"The strongest hand wins", has no meaning.
In large-scale strategy, if you have a strong army and are relying on strength to
win, but the enemy also has a strong army, the battle will be fierce. This is the same for
Without the correct principle the fight cannot be won.
The spirit of my school is to win through the wisdom of strategy, paying no
attention to trifles. Study tM
Use of the Shorter Long Sword in Other Schools
Using a shorter long sword is not the true Way to win.
In ancient times, tachi and katana meant long and short swords. Men of superior
strength in the world can wield even a long sword lightly, so there is no case for their liking
the short sword. They also make use of the length of spears and halberds. Some men use
a shorter long sword with the intention of jumping in and stabbing the enemy at the
unguarded moment when he flourishes hisM
sword. This inclination is bad.
To aim for the enemy's unguarded moment is completely defensive, and
undesirable at close quarters with the enemy. Furthermore, you cannot use the method of
jumping inside his defense with a short sword if there are many enemies. Some men think
that if they go against many enemies with a shorter long sword they can unrestrictedly
frisk around cutting in sweeps, but they have to parry cuts continuously, and eventually
become entangled with the enemy. This is inconsistanM
t with the true Way of strategy.
The sure Way to win thus is to chase the enemy around in a confusing manner,
causing him to jump aside, with your body held strongly and straight. The same principle
applies to large-scale strategy. The essence of strategy is to fall upon the enemy in large
numbers and to bring about his speedy downfall. By their study of strategy, people of the
world get used to countering, evading and retreating as the normal thing. They become
set in this habit, so can easily be parM
aded around by the enemy. The Way of strategy is
straight and true. You must chase the enemy around and make him obey your spirit.
Other Schools with many Methods of using the Long Sword
I think it is lield in otiier scliools tliat there are many methods of using the long sword in
order to gain the admiration of beginners. This is selling the Way. It is a vile spirit in
The reason for this is that to deliberate over many ways of cutting down a man is
an error. To start with, killing M
is not the Way of mankind. Killing is the same for people who
know about fighting and for those who do not. It is the same for women or children, and
there are not many different methods. We can speak of different tactics such as stabbing
and mowing down, but none other than these.
Anyway, cutting down the enemy is the Way of strategy, and there is no need for
many refinements of it.
Even so, according to the place, your long sword may be obstructed above or to
the sides, so you will need to hold M
your sword in such manner that it can be used. There
are five methods in five directions.
Methods apart from these five
hand twisting, body bending, jumping out, and so
on, to cut the enemy
are not the true Way of strategy. In order to cut the enemy you
must not make twisting or bending cuts. This is completely useless. In my strategy, I bear
my spirit and body straight, and cause the enemy to twist and bend. The necessary spirit
is to win by attacking the enemy when his spirit is warped. You M
must study this well.
Use of Attitudes of the Long Sword in Other Schools
Placing a great deal of importance on the attitudes of the long sword is a mistaken way of
thinking. What is known in the world as "attitude" applies when there is no enemy. The
reason is that this has been a precedent since ancient times, that there should be no such
thing as "This is the modern way to do it" duelling. You must force the enemy into
inconvenient situations.
Attitudes are for situations in which you are nM
ot to be moved. That is, for
garrisoning castles, battle array, and so on, showing the spirit of not being moved even by
a strong assault. In the Way of duelling, however, you must always be intent upon taking
the lead and attacking. Attitude is the spirit of awaiting an attack. You must appreciate
In duels of strategy you must move the opponent's attitude. Attack where his spirit
is lax, throw him into confusion, irritate and terrify him. Take advantage of the enemy's
rhythm when he is unsettM
led and you can win.
I dislike the defensive spirit known as "attitude". Therefore, in my Way, there is
something called "Attitude-No Attitude".
In large-scale strategy we deploy our troops for battle bearing in mind our strength,
observing the enemy's numbers, and noting the details of the battlefield. This is at the
start of the battle.
The spirit of attacking is completely different from the spirit of being attacked.
Bearing an attack well, with a strong attitude, and parrying the enemy's attM
making a wall of spears and halberds. When you attack the enemy, your spirit must go to
the extent of pulling the stakes out of a wall and using them as spears and halberds. You
must examine this well.
Fixing the Eyes in Other Schools
Some schools maintain that the eyes should be fixed on the enemy's long sword. Some
schools fix the eye on the hands. Some fix the eyes on the face, and some fix the eyes on
the feet, and so on. If you fix the eyes on these places your spirit can M
and your strategy thwarted.
I will explain this in detail. Footballers^^ do not fix their eyes on the ball, but by
good play on the field they can perform well. When you become accustomed to
something, you are not limited to the use of your eyes. People such as master musicians
have the music score in front of their nose, or flourish the sword in several ways when
they have mastered the Way, but this does not mean that they fix their eyes on these
things specifically, or that they mM
ake pointless movements of the sword. It means that
they can see naturally.
In the Way of strategy, when you have fought many times you will easily be able to
appraise the speed and position of the enemy's sword, and having mastery of the Way
you will see the weight of his spirit. In strategy, fixing the eyes means gazing at the man's
In large-scale strategy the area to watch is the enemy's strength. "Perception" and
"sight" are the two methods of seeing. Perception consists of concentratinM
the enemy's spirit, observing the condition of the battle field, fixing the gaze strongly,
seeing the progress of the fight and the changes of advantage. This is the sure way to
In single combat you must not fix the eyes on details. As I said before, if you fix
your eyes on details and neglect important things, your spirit will become bewildered, and
victory will escape you. Research this principle well and train diligently.
Use of the Feet in Other Schools
us methods of using the feet: floating foot, jumping foot, springing foot,
treading foot, crow's foot, and such nible walking methods. From the point of view of my
strategy, these are all unsatisfactory.
I dislike floating foot because the feet always tend to float during the fight. The
Way must be trod firmly.
Neither do I like jumping foot, because it encourages the habit of jumping, and a
jumpy spirit. However much you jump, there is no real justification for it, so jumping is bad.
foot causes a springing spirit which is indecisive.
Treading foot is a "waiting" method, and I especially dislike it.
Apart from these, there are various fast walking methods, such as crow's foot, and
Sometimes, however, you may encounter the enemy on marshland, swampy
ground, river valleys, stony ground, or narrow roads, in which situations you cannot jump
or move the feet quickly.
In my strategy, the footwork does not change. I always walk as I usually do in the
street. You must nevM
er lose control of your feet. According to the enemy's rhythm, move
fast or slowly, adjusting your body not too much and not too little.
Carrying the feet is important also in large-scale strategy. This is because, if you
attack quickly and thoughtlessly without knowing the enemy's spirit, your rhythm will
become deranged and you will not be able to win. Or, if you advance too slowly, you will
not be able to take advantage of the enemy's disorder, the opportunity to win will escape,
e able to finish the fight quickly. You must win by seizing upon the
enemy's disorder and derangement, and by not according him even a little hope of recovery.
Practise this well.
Speed in Other Schools
Speed is not part of the true Way of strategy. Speed implies that things seem fast or slow,
according to whether or not they are in rhythm. Whatever the Way, the master of strategy
does not appear fast.
Some people can walk as fast as a hundred or a hundred and twenty miles in a
oes not mean that they run continuously from morning till night. Unpractised
runners may seem to have been running all day, but their performance is poor.
In the Way of dance, accomplished performers can sing while dancing, but when
beginners try this they slow down and their spirit becomes busy. The "old pine tree"^^
melody beaten on a leather drum is tranquil, but when beginners try this they slow down
and their spirit becomes busy. Very skilful people can manage a fast rhythm, but it is bad
hurredly. If you try to beat too quickly you will get out of time. Of course, slowness
is bad. Really skilful people never get out of time, and are always deliberate, and never
appear busy. From this example, the principle can be seen.
What is known as speed is especially bad in the Way of strategy. The reason for
this is that depending on the place, marsh or swamp and so on, it may not be possible to
move the body and legs together quickly. Still less will you be able to cut quickly if you
ng sword in this situation. If you try to cut quickly, as if using a fan or short sword,
you will not actually cut even a little. You must appreciate this.
In large-scale strategy also, a fast busy spirit is undesirable. The spirit must be that
of holding down a pillow, then you will not be even a little late.
When you opponent is hurrying recklessly, you must act contrarily, and keep calm.
You must not be influenced by the opponent. Train diligently to attain this spirit.
"Interior" and "SurfacM
e" in Other Schools
There is no "interior" nor "surface" in strategy.
The artistic accomplishments usually claim inner meaning and secret tradition, and
"interior" and "gate","' but in combat there is no such thing as fighting on the surface, or
cutting with the interior. When I teach my Way, I first teach by training in techniques which
are easy for the pupil to understand, a doctrine which is easy to understand. I gradually
endeavour to explain the deep principle, points which it is hardly possiblM
according to the pupil's progress. In any event, because the way to understanding is
through experience, I do not speak of "interior" and "gate".
In this world, if you go into the mountains, and decide to go deeper and yet
deeper, instead you will emerge at the gate. Whatever is the Way, it has an interior, and it
is sometimes a good thing to point out the gate. In strategy, we cannot say what is
concealed and what is revealed.
Accordingly I dislike passing on my Way through writtM
en pledges and regulations.
Perceiving the ability of my pupils, I teach the direct Way, remove the bad influence of
other schools, and gradually introduce them to the true Way of the warrior.
The method of teaching my strategy is with a trustworthy spirit. You must train
I have tried to record an outline of the strategy of other schools in the above nine sections.
I could now continue by giving a specific account of these schools one by one, from the
"gate" to the "interior", but I haM
ve intentionally not named the schools or their main points.
The reason for this is that different branches of schools give different interpretations of the
doctrines. In as much as men's opinions differ, so there must be differing ideas on the
same matter. Thus no one man's conception is valid for any school.
I have shown the general tendencies of other schools on nine points. If we look at
them from an honest viewpoint, we see that people always tend to like long swords or
short swords, and become cM
oncerned with strength in both large and small matters. You
can see why I do not deal with the "gates" of other schools.
In my Ichi school of the long sword there is neither gate nor interior. There is no
inner meaning in sword attitudes. You must simply keep your spirit true to realise the
virtue of strategy.
THE BOOK OF THE VOID
The Ni To Ichi Way of strategy is recorded in this the Book of the Void.
What is called the spirit of the void is where there is nothing. It is not included in
man's knowledge. Of course the void is nothingness. By knowing things that exist, you
can know that which does not exist. That is the void.
People in this world look at things mistakenly, and think that what they do not
understand must be the void. This is not the true void. It is bewilderment.
In the Way of strategy, also, those who study as warriors think that whatever they
cannot understand in their craft is the void. This is not the true void.
To attain the Way of strategy as a warrior you musM
t study fully other martial arts
and not deviate even a little from the Way of the warrior. With your spirit settled,
accumulate practice day by day, and hour by hour. Polish the twofold spirit heart and
mind, and sharpen the twofold gaze perception and sight. When your spirit is not in the
least clouded, when the clouds of bewilderment clear away, there is the true void.
Until you realise the true Way, whether in Buddhism or in common sense, you may
think that things are correct and in order. HoweverM
, if we look at things objectively, from
the viewpoint of laws of the world, we see various doctrines departing from the true Way.
Know well this spirit, and with forthrightness as the foundation and the true spirit as the
Way. Enact strategy broadly, correctly and openly.
Then you will come to think of things in a wide sense and, taking the void as the
Way, you will see the Way as void.
In the void is virtue, and no evil. Wisdom has existence, principle has existence,
the Way has existence, spiriM
Twelfth day of the fifth month, second year of Shoho (1645)
Teruo Magonojo SHINMEN MUSASHI
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I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
I loafe and invite my soul,
I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
My tongue, every atom of my blood, form
d from this soil, this air,
Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,
I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,
Hoping to cease not till death.
s and schools in abeyance,
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,
I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,
Nature without check with original energy.
Houses and rooms are full of perfumes, the shelves are crowded with perfumes,
I breathe the fragrance myself and know it and like it,
The distillation would intoxicate me also, but I shall not let it.
The atmosphere is not a perfume, it has no taste of the distillation, it is odorless,
h forever, I am in love with it,
I will go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked,
I am mad for it to be in contact with me.
The smoke of my own breath,
Echoes, ripples, buzz
d whispers, love-root, silk-thread, crotch and vine,
My respiration and inspiration, the beating of my heart, the passing of blood and air through my lungs,
The sniff of green leaves and dry leaves, and of the shore and dark-color
d sea-rocks, and of hay in the barn,
The sound of the belch
d words of my voice lM
d to the eddies of the wind,
A few light kisses, a few embraces, a reaching around of arms,
The play of shine and shade on the trees as the supple boughs wag,
The delight alone or in the rush of the streets, or along the fields and hill-sides,
The feeling of health, the full-noon trill, the song of me rising from bed and meeting the sun.
d a thousand acres much? have you reckon
d so long to learn to read?
Have you felt so proud to get at the meM
Stop this day and night with me and you shall possess the origin of all poems,
You shall possess the good of the earth and sun, (there are millions of suns left,)
You shall no longer take things at second or third hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books,
You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me,
You shall listen to all sides and filter them from your self.
I have heard what the talkers were talking, the talk of the beginniM
But I do not talk of the beginning or the end.
There was never any more inception than there is now,
Nor any more youth or age than there is now,
And will never be any more perfection than there is now,
Nor any more heaven or hell than there is now.
Urge and urge and urge,
Always the procreant urge of the world.
Out of the dimness opposite equals advance, always substance and increase, always sex,
Always a knit of identity, always distinction, always a breed of life.
d feel that it is so.
Sure as the most certain sure, plumb in the uprights, well entretied, braced in the beams,
Stout as a horse, affectionate, haughty, electrical,
I and this mystery here we stand.
Clear and sweet is my soul, and clear and sweet is all that is not my soul.
Lack one lacks both, and the unseen is proved by the seen,
Till that becomes unseen and receives proof in its turn.
Showing the best and dividing it from the worst age vexes age,
erfect fitness and equanimity of things, while they discuss I am silent, and go bathe and admire myself.
Welcome is every organ and attribute of me, and of any man hearty and clean,
Not an inch nor a particle of an inch is vile, and none shall be less familiar than the rest.
I see, dance, laugh, sing;
As the hugging and loving bed-fellow sleeps at my side through the night, and withdraws at the peep of the day with stealthy tread,
Leaving me baskets cover
d with white towels swelling theM
house with their plenty,
Shall I postpone my acceptation and realization and scream at my eyes,
That they turn from gazing after and down the road,
And forthwith cipher and show me to a cent,
Exactly the value of one and exactly the value of two, and which is ahead?
Trippers and askers surround me,
People I meet, the effect upon me of my early life or the ward and city I live in, or the nation,
The latest dates, discoveries, inventions, societies, authors old and new,
My dinner, dress, associates, looM
ks, compliments, dues,
The real or fancied indifference of some man or woman I love,
The sickness of one of my folks or of myself, or ill-doing or loss or lack of money, or depressions or exaltations,
Battles, the horrors of fratricidal war, the fever of doubtful news, the fitful events;
These come to me days and nights and go from me again,
But they are not the Me myself.
Apart from the pulling and hauling stands what I am,
Stands amused, complacent, compassionating, idle, unitary,
Looks down, is erect, M
or bends an arm on an impalpable certain rest,
Looking with side-curved head curious what will come next,
Both in and out of the game and watching and wondering at it.
Backward I see in my own days where I sweated through fog with linguists and contenders,
I have no mockings or arguments, I witness and wait.
I believe in you my soul, the other I am must not abase itself to you,
And you must not be abased to the other.
Loafe with me on the grass, loose the stop from your throat,
Not words, not musicM
or rhyme I want, not custom or lecture, not even the best,
Only the lull I like, the hum of your valv
I mind how once we lay such a transparent summer morning,
How you settled your head athwart my hips and gently turn
And parted the shirt from my bosom-bone, and plunged your tongue to my bare-stript heart,
d till you felt my beard, and reach
d till you held my feet.
Swiftly arose and spread around me the peace and knowledge that pass all the argument of the earthM
And I know that the hand of God is the promise of my own,
And I know that the spirit of God is the brother of my own,
And that all the men ever born are also my brothers, and the women my sisters and lovers,
And that a kelson of the creation is love,
And limitless are leaves stiff or drooping in the fields,
And brown ants in the little wells beneath them,
And mossy scabs of the worm fence, heap
d stones, elder, mullein and poke-weed.
A child said What is the grass? fetching it to me with full handsM
How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.
I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven.
Or I guess it is the handkerchief of the Lord,
A scented gift and remembrancer designedly dropt,
s name someway in the corners, that we may see and remark, and say Whose?
Or I guess the grass is itself a child, the produced babe of the vegetation.
Or I guess it is a uniform hieroglyphic,
And it means, Sprouting alike in broad M
zones and narrow zones,
Growing among black folks as among white,
Kanuck, Tuckahoe, Congressman, Cuff, I give them the same, I receive them the same.
And now it seems to me the beautiful uncut hair of graves.
Tenderly will I use you curling grass,
It may be you transpire from the breasts of young men,
It may be if I had known them I would have loved them,
It may be you are from old people, or from offspring taken soon out of their mothers
And here you are the mothers
ery dark to be from the white heads of old mothers,
Darker than the colorless beards of old men,
Dark to come from under the faint red roofs of mouths.
O I perceive after all so many uttering tongues,
And I perceive they do not come from the roofs of mouths for nothing.
I wish I could translate the hints about the dead young men and women,
And the hints about old men and mothers, and the offspring taken soon out of their laps.
What do you think has become of the young and old men?
And what do you thinM
k has become of the women and children?
They are alive and well somewhere,
The smallest sprout shows there is really no death,
And if ever there was it led forward life, and does not wait at the end to arrest it,
d the moment life appear
All goes onward and outward, nothing collapses,
And to die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier.
Has any one supposed it lucky to be born?
I hasten to inform him or her it is just as lucky to die, and I know it.
the dying and birth with the new-wash
d babe, and am not contain
d between my hat and boots,
And peruse manifold objects, no two alike and every one good,
The earth good and the stars good, and their adjuncts all good.
I am not an earth nor an adjunct of an earth,
I am the mate and companion of people, all just as immortal and fathomless as myself,
(They do not know how immortal, but I know.)
Every kind for itself and its own, for me mine male and female,
For me those that have been boys and that lovM
For me the man that is proud and feels how it stings to be slighted,
For me the sweet-heart and the old maid, for me mothers and the mothers of mothers,
For me lips that have smiled, eyes that have shed tears,
For me children and the begetters of children.
Undrape! you are not guilty to me, nor stale nor discarded,
I see through the broadcloth and gingham whether or no,
And am around, tenacious, acquisitive, tireless, and cannot be shaken away.
The little one sleeps in its cradle,
e gauze and look a long time, and silently brush away flies with my hand.
The youngster and the red-faced girl turn aside up the bushy hill,
I peeringly view them from the top.
The suicide sprawls on the bloody floor of the bedroom,
I witness the corpse with its dabbled hair, I note where the pistol has fallen.
The blab of the pave, tires of carts, sluff of boot-soles, talk of the promenaders,
The heavy omnibus, the driver with his interrogating thumb, the clank of the shod horses on the granite floor,
The snow-sleighs, clinking, shouted jokes, pelts of snow-balls,
The hurrahs for popular favorites, the fury of rous
The flap of the curtain
d litter, a sick man inside borne to the hospital,
The meeting of enemies, the sudden oath, the blows and fall,
The excited crowd, the policeman with his star quickly working his passage to the centre of the crowd,
The impassive stones that receive and return so many echoes,
What groans of over-fed or half-starv
d who fall sunstruck or in fits,
ations of women taken suddenly who hurry home and give birth to babes,
What living and buried speech is always vibrating here, what howls restrain
Arrests of criminals, slights, adulterous offers made, acceptances, rejections with convex lips,
I mind them or the show or resonance of them
I come and I depart.
The big doors of the country barn stand open and ready,
The dried grass of the harvest-time loads the slow-drawn wagon,
The clear light plays on the brown gray and green intertingedM
The armfuls are pack
d to the sagging mow.
I am there, I help, I came stretch
I felt its soft jolts, one leg reclined on the other,
I jump from the cross-beams and seize the clover and timothy,
And roll head over heels and tangle my hair full of wisps.
Alone far in the wilds and mountains I hunt,
Wandering amazed at my own lightness and glee,
In the late afternoon choosing a safe spot to pass the night,
Kindling a fire and broiling the fresh-kill
d leaves with my dog and gun by my side.
The Yankee clipper is under her sky-sails, she cuts the sparkle and scud,
My eyes settle the land, I bend at her prow or shout joyously from the deck.
The boatmen and clam-diggers arose early and stopt for me,
d my trowser-ends in my boots and went and had a good time;
You should have been with us that day round the chowder-kettle.
I saw the marriage of the trapper in the open air in the far west, the bride was a red girl,
nd his friends sat near cross-legged and dumbly smoking, they had moccasins to their feet and large thick blankets hanging from their shoulders,
On a bank lounged the trapper, he was drest mostly in skins, his luxuriant beard and curls protected his neck, he held his bride by the hand,
She had long eyelashes, her head was bare, her coarse straight locks descended upon her voluptuous limbs and reach
The runaway slave came to my house and stopt outside,
I heard his motions crackling the twigs oM
Through the swung half-door of the kitchen I saw him limpsy and weak,
And went where he sat on a log and led him in and assured him,
And brought water and fill
d a tub for his sweated body and bruis
And gave him a room that enter
d from my own, and gave him some coarse clean clothes,
And remember perfectly well his revolving eyes and his awkwardness,
And remember putting plasters on the galls of his neck and ankles;
He staid with me a week before he was recuperated and pass
I had him sit next me at table, my fire-lock lean
Twenty-eight young men bathe by the shore,
Twenty-eight young men and all so friendly;
Twenty-eight years of womanly life and all so lonesome.
She owns the fine house by the rise of the bank,
She hides handsome and richly drest aft the blinds of the window.
Which of the young men does she like the best?
Ah the homeliest of them is beautiful to her.
Where are you off to, lady? for I see you,
You splash in the water therM
e, yet stay stock still in your room.
Dancing and laughing along the beach came the twenty-ninth bather,
The rest did not see her, but she saw them and loved them.
The beards of the young men glisten
d with wet, it ran from their long hair,
d all over their bodies.
An unseen hand also pass
d over their bodies,
It descended tremblingly from their temples and ribs.
The young men float on their backs, their white bellies bulge to the sun, they do not ask who seizes fast to themM
They do not know who puffs and declines with pendant and bending arch,
They do not think whom they souse with spray.
The butcher-boy puts off his killing-clothes, or sharpens his knife at the stall in the market,
I loiter enjoying his repartee and his shuffle and break-down.
Blacksmiths with grimed and hairy chests environ the anvil,
Each has his main-sledge, they are all out, there is a great heat in the fire.
From the cinder-strew
d threshold I follow their movements,
The lithe sheer of theiM
r waists plays even with their massive arms,
Overhand the hammers swing, overhand so slow, overhand so sure,
They do not hasten, each man hits in his place.
The negro holds firmly the reins of his four horses, the block swags underneath on its tied-over chain,
The negro that drives the long dray of the stone-yard, steady and tall he stands pois
d on one leg on the string-piece,
His blue shirt exposes his ample neck and breast and loosens over his hip-band,
His glance is calm and commanding, he tosses M
the slouch of his hat away from his forehead,
The sun falls on his crispy hair and mustache, falls on the black of his polish
d and perfect limbs.
I behold the picturesque giant and love him, and I do not stop there,
I go with the team also.
In me the caresser of life wherever moving, backward as well as forward sluing,
To niches aside and junior bending, not a person or object missing,
Absorbing all to myself and for this song.
Oxen that rattle the yoke and chain or halt in the leafy shade, what is M
that you express in your eyes?
It seems to me more than all the print I have read in my life.
My tread scares the wood-drake and wood-duck on my distant and day-long ramble,
They rise together, they slowly circle around.
I believe in those wing
And acknowledge red, yellow, white, playing within me,
And consider green and violet and the tufted crown intentional,
And do not call the tortoise unworthy because she is not something else,
And the jay in the woods never studied the gamut, yet triM
lls pretty well to me,
And the look of the bay mare shames silliness out of me.
The wild gander leads his flock through the cool night,
Ya-honk he says, and sounds it down to me like an invitation,
The pert may suppose it meaningless, but I listening close,
Find its purpose and place up there toward the wintry sky.
d moose of the north, the cat on the house-sill, the chickadee, the prairie-dog,
The litter of the grunting sow as they tug at her teats,
The brood of the turkey-hen and M
she with her half-spread wings,
I see in them and myself the same old law.
The press of my foot to the earth springs a hundred affections,
They scorn the best I can do to relate them.
d of growing out-doors,
Of men that live among cattle or taste of the ocean or woods,
Of the builders and steerers of ships and the wielders of axes and mauls, and the drivers of horses,
I can eat and sleep with them week in and week out.
What is commonest, cheapest, nearest, easiest, is Me,
or my chances, spending for vast returns,
Adorning myself to bestow myself on the first that will take me,
Not asking the sky to come down to my good will,
Scattering it freely forever.
The pure contralto sings in the organ loft,
The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane whistles its wild ascending lisp,
The married and unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving dinner,
The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm,
The mate stands braced in the whale-boat,M
lance and harpoon are ready,
The duck-shooter walks by silent and cautious stretches,
The deacons are ordain
d hands at the altar,
The spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the big wheel,
The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on a First-day loafe and looks at the oats and rye,
The lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirm
(He will never sleep any more as he did in the cot in his mother
The jour printer with gray head and gaunt jaws works atM
He turns his quid of tobacco while his eyes blurr with the manuscript;
d limbs are tied to the surgeon
What is removed drops horribly in a pail;
The quadroon girl is sold at the auction-stand, the drunkard nods by the bar-room stove,
The machinist rolls up his sleeves, the policeman travels his beat, the gate-keeper marks who pass,
The young fellow drives the express-wagon, (I love him, though I do not know him;)
The half-breed straps on his light boots to compete in the rM
The western turkey-shooting draws old and young, some lean on their rifles, some sit on logs,
Out from the crowd steps the marksman, takes his position, levels his piece;
The groups of newly-come immigrants cover the wharf or levee,
As the woolly-pates hoe in the sugar-field, the overseer views them from his saddle,
The bugle calls in the ball-room, the gentlemen run for their partners, the dancers bow to each other,
The youth lies awake in the cedar-roof
d garret and harks to the musical rain,
lverine sets traps on the creek that helps fill the Huron,
The squaw wrapt in her yellow-hemm
d cloth is offering moccasins and bead-bags for sale,
The connoisseur peers along the exhibition-gallery with half-shut eyes bent sideways,
As the deck-hands make fast the steamboat the plank is thrown for the shore-going passengers,
The young sister holds out the skein while the elder sister winds it off in a ball, and stops now and then for the knots,
The one-year wife is recovering and happy having a week ago borM
d Yankee girl works with her sewing-machine or in the factory or mill,
The paving-man leans on his two-handed rammer, the reporter
s lead flies swiftly over the note-book, the sign-painter is lettering with blue and gold,
The canal boy trots on the tow-path, the book-keeper counts at his desk, the shoemaker waxes his thread,
The conductor beats time for the band and all the performers follow him,
The child is baptized, the convert is making his first professions,
atta is spread on the bay, the race is begun, (how the white sails sparkle!)
The drover watching his drove sings out to them that would stray,
The pedler sweats with his pack on his back, (the purchaser higgling about the odd cent;)
The bride unrumples her white dress, the minute-hand of the clock moves slowly,
The opium-eater reclines with rigid head and just-open
The prostitute draggles her shawl, her bonnet bobs on her tipsy and pimpled neck,
The crowd laugh at her blackguard oaths, the men jeer M
and wink to each other,
(Miserable! I do not laugh at your oaths nor jeer you;)
The President holding a cabinet council is surrounded by the great Secretaries,
On the piazza walk three matrons stately and friendly with twined arms,
The crew of the fish-smack pack repeated layers of halibut in the hold,
The Missourian crosses the plains toting his wares and his cattle,
As the fare-collector goes through the train he gives notice by the jingling of loose change,
The floor-men are laying the floor, the tinners M
are tinning the roof, the masons are calling for mortar,
In single file each shouldering his hod pass onward the laborers;
Seasons pursuing each other the indescribable crowd is gather
d, it is the fourth of Seventh-month, (what salutes of cannon and small arms!)
Seasons pursuing each other the plougher ploughs, the mower mows, and the winter-grain falls in the ground;
Off on the lakes the pike-fisher watches and waits by the hole in the frozen surface,
The stumps stand thick round the clearing, the squatterM
strikes deep with his axe,
Flatboatmen make fast towards dusk near the cotton-wood or pecan-trees,
Coon-seekers go through the regions of the Red river or through those drain
d by the Tennessee, or through those of the Arkansas,
Torches shine in the dark that hangs on the Chattahooche or Altamahaw,
Patriarchs sit at supper with sons and grandsons and great-grandsons around them,
In walls of adobie, in canvas tents, rest hunters and trappers after their day
The city sleeps and the country sleepM
The living sleep for their time, the dead sleep for their time,
The old husband sleeps by his wife and the young husband sleeps by his wife;
And these tend inward to me, and I tend outward to them,
And such as it is to be of these more or less I am,
And of these one and all I weave the song of myself.
I am of old and young, of the foolish as much as the wise,
Regardless of others, ever regardful of others,
Maternal as well as paternal, a child as well as a man,
d with the stuff that is coaM
d with the stuff that is fine,
One of the Nation of many nations, the smallest the same and the largest the same,
A Southerner soon as a Northerner, a planter nonchalant and hospitable down by the Oconee I live,
A Yankee bound my own way ready for trade, my joints the limberest joints on earth and the sternest joints on earth,
A Kentuckian walking the vale of the Elkhorn in my deer-skin leggings, a Louisianian or Georgian,
A boatman over lakes or bays or along coasts, a Hoosier, Badger, BuckeyeM
At home on Kanadian snow-shoes or up in the bush, or with fishermen off Newfoundland,
At home in the fleet of ice-boats, sailing with the rest and tacking,
At home on the hills of Vermont or in the woods of Maine, or the Texan ranch,
Comrade of Californians, comrade of free North-Westerners, (loving their big proportions,)
Comrade of raftsmen and coalmen, comrade of all who shake hands and welcome to drink and meat,
A learner with the simplest, a teacher of the thoughtfullest,
A novice beginning yet experiM
ent of myriads of seasons,
Of every hue and caste am I, of every rank and religion,
A farmer, mechanic, artist, gentleman, sailor, quaker,
Prisoner, fancy-man, rowdy, lawyer, physician, priest.
I resist any thing better than my own diversity,
Breathe the air but leave plenty after me,
And am not stuck up, and am in my place.
(The moth and the fish-eggs are in their place,
The bright suns I see and the dark suns I cannot see are in their place,
The palpable is in its place and the impalpable is in its pM
These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, they are not original with me,
If they are not yours as much as mine they are nothing, or next to nothing,
If they are not the riddle and the untying of the riddle they are nothing,
If they are not just as close as they are distant they are nothing.
This is the grass that grows wherever the land is and the water is,
This the common air that bathes the globe.
With music strong I come, with my cornets and my drums,
marches for accepted victors only, I play marches for conquer
d and slain persons.
Have you heard that it was good to gain the day?
I also say it is good to fall, battles are lost in the same spirit in which they are won.
I beat and pound for the dead,
I blow through my embouchures my loudest and gayest for them.
Vivas to those who have fail
And to those whose war-vessels sank in the sea!
And to those themselves who sank in the sea!
And to all generals that lost engagements, and all overcome hM
And the numberless unknown heroes equal to the greatest heroes known!
This is the meal equally set, this the meat for natural hunger,
It is for the wicked just the same as the righteous, I make appointments with all,
I will not have a single person slighted or left away,
The kept-woman, sponger, thief, are hereby invited,
d slave is invited, the venerealee is invited;
There shall be no difference between them and the rest.
This is the press of a bashful hand, this the float aM
This the touch of my lips to yours, this the murmur of yearning,
This the far-off depth and height reflecting my own face,
This the thoughtful merge of myself, and the outlet again.
Do you guess I have some intricate purpose?
Well I have, for the Fourth-month showers have, and the mica on the side of a rock has.
Do you take it I would astonish?
Does the daylight astonish? does the early redstart twittering through the woods?
Do I astonish more than they?
This hour I tell things in coM
I might not tell everybody, but I will tell you.
Who goes there? hankering, gross, mystical, nude;
How is it I extract strength from the beef I eat?
What is a man anyhow? what am I? what are you?
All I mark as my own you shall offset it with your own,
Else it were time lost listening to me.
I do not snivel that snivel the world over,
That months are vacuums and the ground but wallow and filth.
Whimpering and truckling fold with powders for invalids, conformity goes to the fourth-remM
I wear my hat as I please indoors or out.
Why should I pray? why should I venerate and be ceremonious?
Having pried through the strata, analyzed to a hair, counsel
d with doctors and calculated close,
I find no sweeter fat than sticks to my own bones.
In all people I see myself, none more and not one a barley-corn less,
And the good or bad I say of myself I say of them.
I know I am solid and sound,
To me the converging objects of the universe perpetually flow,
All are written to me, and IM
must get what the writing means.
I know I am deathless,
I know this orbit of mine cannot be swept by a carpenter
I know I shall not pass like a child
s carlacue cut with a burnt stick at night.
I do not trouble my spirit to vindicate itself or be understood,
I see that the elementary laws never apologize,
(I reckon I behave no prouder than the level I plant my house by, after all.)
I exist as I am, that is enough,
If no other in the world be aware I sit content,
nd if each and all be aware I sit content.
One world is aware and by far the largest to me, and that is myself,
And whether I come to my own to-day or in ten thousand or ten million years,
I can cheerfully take it now, or with equal cheerfulness I can wait.
My foothold is tenon
I laugh at what you call dissolution,
And I know the amplitude of time.
I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the Soul,
The pleasures of heaven are with me and the pains of hell are wM
The first I graft and increase upon myself, the latter I translate into a new tongue.
I am the poet of the woman the same as the man,
And I say it is as great to be a woman as to be a man,
And I say there is nothing greater than the mother of men.
I chant the chant of dilation or pride,
We have had ducking and deprecating about enough,
I show that size is only development.
Have you outstript the rest? are you the President?
It is a trifle, they will more than arrive there every one, and stillM
I am he that walks with the tender and growing night,
I call to the earth and sea half-held by the night.
Press close bare-bosom
press close magnetic nourishing night!
Night of south winds
night of the large few stars!
mad naked summer night.
Smile O voluptuous cool-breath
Earth of the slumbering and liquid trees!
Earth of departed sunset
earth of the mountains misty-topt!
Earth of the vitreous pour of the full moon just tinged with blue!
rth of shine and dark mottling the tide of the river!
Earth of the limpid gray of clouds brighter and clearer for my sake!
Smile, for your lover comes.
Prodigal, you have given me love
therefore I to you give love!
O unspeakable passionate love.
You sea! I resign myself to you also
I guess what you mean,
I behold from the beach your crooked inviting fingers,
I believe you refuse to go back without feeling of me,
We must have a turn toM
gether, I undress, hurry me out of sight of the land,
Cushion me soft, rock me in billowy drowse,
Dash me with amorous wet, I can repay you.
Sea breathing broad and convulsive breaths,
Sea of the brine of life and of unshovell
d yet always-ready graves,
Howler and scooper of storms, capricious and dainty sea,
I am integral with you, I too am of one phase and of all phases.
Partaker of influx and efflux I, extoller of hate and conciliation,
Extoller of amies and thoseM
that sleep in each others
I am he attesting sympathy,
(Shall I make my list of things in the house and skip the house that supports them?)
I am not the poet of goodness only, I do not decline to be the poet of wickedness also.
What blurt is this about virtue and about vice?
Evil propels me and reform of evil propels me, I stand indifferent,
My gait is no fault-finder
I moisten the roots of all that has grown.
Did you fear some scrofula out of the unflagging pregnaM
Did you guess the celestial laws are yet to be work
d over and rectified?
I find one side a balance and the antipodal side a balance,
Soft doctrine as steady help as stable doctrine,
Thoughts and deeds of the present our rouse and early start.
This minute that comes to me over the past decillions,
There is no better than it and now.
What behaved well in the past or behaves well to-day is not such a wonder,
The wonder is always and always how there can be a mean man or an infidel.
unfolding of words of ages!
And mine a word of the modern, the word En-Masse.
A word of the faith that never balks,
Here or henceforward it is all the same to me, I accept Time absolutely.
It alone is without flaw, it alone rounds and completes all,
That mystic baffling wonder alone completes all.
I accept Reality and dare not question it,
Materialism first and last imbuing.
Hurrah for positive science! long live exact demonstration!
Fetch stonecrop mixt with cedar and branches of lilac,
the lexicographer, this the chemist, this made a grammar of the old cartouches,
These mariners put the ship through dangerous unknown seas.
This is the geologist, this works with the scalpel, and this is a mathematician.
Gentlemen, to you the first honors always!
Your facts are useful, and yet they are not my dwelling,
I but enter by them to an area of my dwelling.
Less the reminders of properties told my words,
And more the reminders they of life untold, and of freedom and extrication,
ccount of neuters and geldings, and favor men and women fully equipt,
And beat the gong of revolt, and stop with fugitives and them that plot and conspire.
Walt Whitman, a kosmos, of Manhattan the son,
Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking and breeding,
No sentimentalist, no stander above men and women or apart from them,
No more modest than immodest.
Unscrew the locks from the doors!
Unscrew the doors themselves from their jambs!
Whoever degrades another degrades me,
And whatever is done M
or said returns at last to me.
Through me the afflatus surging and surging, through me the current and index.
I speak the pass-word primeval, I give the sign of democracy,
By God! I will accept nothing which all cannot have their counterpart of on the same terms.
Through me many long dumb voices,
Voices of the interminable generations of prisoners and slaves,
Voices of the diseas
d and despairing and of thieves and dwarfs,
Voices of cycles of preparation and accretion,
And of the threads that connecM
t the stars, and of wombs and of the father-stuff,
And of the rights of them the others are down upon,
d, trivial, flat, foolish, despised,
Fog in the air, beetles rolling balls of dung.
Through me forbidden voices,
Voices of sexes and lusts, voices veil
d and I remove the veil,
Voices indecent by me clarified and transfigur
I do not press my fingers across my mouth,
I keep as delicate around the bowels as around the head and heart,
Copulation is no more rank to me than death is.M
I believe in the flesh and the appetites,
Seeing, hearing, feeling, are miracles, and each part and tag of me is a miracle.
Divine am I inside and out, and I make holy whatever I touch or am touch
The scent of these arm-pits aroma finer than prayer,
This head more than churches, bibles, and all the creeds.
If I worship one thing more than another it shall be the spread of my own body, or any part of it,
Translucent mould of me it shall be you!
Shaded ledges and rests it shall be you!
masculine colter it shall be you!
Whatever goes to the tilth of me it shall be you!
You my rich blood! your milky stream pale strippings of my life!
Breast that presses against other breasts it shall be you!
My brain it shall be your occult convolutions!
d sweet-flag! timorous pond-snipe! nest of guarded duplicate eggs! it shall be you!
d tussled hay of head, beard, brawn, it shall be you!
Trickling sap of maple, fibre of manly wheat, it shall be you!
Sun so generous it shall be you!
apors lighting and shading my face it shall be you!
You sweaty brooks and dews it shall be you!
Winds whose soft-tickling genitals rub against me it shall be you!
Broad muscular fields, branches of live oak, loving lounger in my winding paths, it shall be you!
Hands I have taken, face I have kiss
d, mortal I have ever touch
I dote on myself, there is that lot of me and all so luscious,
Each moment and whatever happens thrills me with joy,
I cannot tell how my ankles bend, nor whenceM
the cause of my faintest wish,
Nor the cause of the friendship I emit, nor the cause of the friendship I take again.
That I walk up my stoop, I pause to consider if it really be,
A morning-glory at my window satisfies me more than the metaphysics of books.
To behold the day-break!
The little light fades the immense and diaphanous shadows,
The air tastes good to my palate.
Hefts of the moving world at innocent gambols silently rising freshly exuding,
Scooting obliquely high and low.
not see puts upward libidinous prongs,
Seas of bright juice suffuse heaven.
The earth by the sky staid with, the daily close of their junction,
d challenge from the east that moment over my head,
The mocking taunt, See then whether you shall be master!
Dazzling and tremendous how quick the sun-rise would kill me,
If I could not now and always send sun-rise out of me.
We also ascend dazzling and tremendous as the sun,
We found our own O my soul in the calm and cool of the daybreak.
voice goes after what my eyes cannot reach,
With the twirl of my tongue I encompass worlds and volumes of worlds.
Speech is the twin of my vision, it is unequal to measure itself,
It provokes me forever, it says sarcastically,
Walt you contain enough, why don
t you let it out then?
Come now I will not be tantalized, you conceive too much of articulation,
Do you not know O speech how the buds beneath you are folded?
Waiting in gloom, protected by frost,
The dirt receding before my prophetical screams,M
I underlying causes to balance them at last,
My knowledge my live parts, it keeping tally with the meaning of all things,
Happiness, (which whoever hears me let him or her set out in search of this day.)
My final merit I refuse you, I refuse putting from me what I really am,
Encompass worlds, but never try to encompass me,
I crowd your sleekest and best by simply looking toward you.
Writing and talk do not prove me,
I carry the plenum of proof and every thing else in my face,
With the hush of my lips M
I wholly confound the skeptic.
Now I will do nothing but listen,
To accrue what I hear into this song, to let sounds contribute toward it.
I hear bravuras of birds, bustle of growing wheat, gossip of flames, clack of sticks cooking my meals,
I hear the sound I love, the sound of the human voice,
I hear all sounds running together, combined, fused or following,
Sounds of the city and sounds out of the city, sounds of the day and night,
Talkative young ones to those that like them, the loud laugh of woM
rk-people at their meals,
The angry base of disjointed friendship, the faint tones of the sick,
The judge with hands tight to the desk, his pallid lips pronouncing a death-sentence,
yo of stevedores unlading ships by the wharves, the refrain of the anchor-lifters,
The ring of alarm-bells, the cry of fire, the whirr of swift-streaking engines and hose-carts with premonitory tinkles and color
The steam whistle, the solid roll of the train of approaching cars,
at the head of the association marching two and two,
(They go to guard some corpse, the flag-tops are draped with black muslin.)
I hear the violoncello, (
d cornet, it glides quickly in through my ears,
It shakes mad-sweet pangs through my belly and breast.
I hear the chorus, it is a grand opera,
Ah this indeed is music
A tenor large and fresh as the creation fills me,
The orbic flex of his mouth is pouring and filling me M
d soprano (what work with hers is this?)
The orchestra whirls me wider than Uranus flies,
It wrenches such ardors from me I did not know I possess
It sails me, I dab with bare feet, they are lick
d by the indolent waves,
I am cut by bitter and angry hail, I lose my breath,
d morphine, my windpipe throttled in fakes of death,
At length let up again to feel the puzzle of puzzles,
And that we call Being.
To be in any form, what is that?
ound and round we go, all of us, and ever come back thither,)
If nothing lay more develop
d the quahaug in its callous shell were enough.
Mine is no callous shell,
I have instant conductors all over me whether I pass or stop,
They seize every object and lead it harmlessly through me.
I merely stir, press, feel with my fingers, and am happy,
To touch my person to some one else
s is about as much as I can stand.
Is this then a touch? quivering me to a new identity,
Flames and ether making a rushM
Treacherous tip of me reaching and crowding to help them,
My flesh and blood playing out lightning to strike what is hardly different from myself,
On all sides prurient provokers stiffening my limbs,
Straining the udder of my heart for its withheld drip,
Behaving licentious toward me, taking no denial,
Depriving me of my best as for a purpose,
Unbuttoning my clothes, holding me by the bare waist,
Deluding my confusion with the calm of the sunlight and pasture-fields,
Immodestly sliding the fM
They bribed to swap off with touch and go and graze at the edges of me,
No consideration, no regard for my draining strength or my anger,
Fetching the rest of the herd around to enjoy them a while,
Then all uniting to stand on a headland and worry me.
The sentries desert every other part of me,
They have left me helpless to a red marauder,
They all come to the headland to witness and assist against me.
I am given up by traitors,
I talk wildly, I have lost my wits, I and nobody else aM
m the greatest traitor,
I went myself first to the headland, my own hands carried me there.
You villain touch! what are you doing? my breath is tight in its throat,
Unclench your floodgates, you are too much for me.
Blind loving wrestling touch, sheath
d hooded sharp-tooth
Did it make you ache so, leaving me?
d by arriving, perpetual payment of perpetual loan,
Rich showering rain, and recompense richer afterward.
Sprouts take and accumulate, stand by the curb prolifiM
Landscapes projected masculine, full-sized and golden.
All truths wait in all things,
They neither hasten their own delivery nor resist it,
They do not need the obstetric forceps of the surgeon,
The insignificant is as big to me as any,
(What is less or more than a touch?)
Logic and sermons never convince,
The damp of the night drives deeper into my soul.
(Only what proves itself to every man and woman is so,
Only what nobody denies is so.)
A minute and a drop of me settle my braM
I believe the soggy clods shall become lovers and lamps,
And a compend of compends is the meat of a man or woman,
And a summit and flower there is the feeling they have for each other,
And they are to branch boundlessly out of that lesson until it becomes omnific,
And until one and all shall delight us, and we them.
I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey-work of the stars,
And the pismire is equally perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg of the wren,
And the tree-toad is a chef-dM
uvre for the highest,
And the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of heaven,
And the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all machinery,
And the cow crunching with depress
d head surpasses any statue,
And a mouse is miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels.
I find I incorporate gneiss, coal, long-threaded moss, fruits, grains, esculent roots,
d with quadrupeds and birds all over,
And have distanced what is behind me for good reasons,
But call any thing back againM
In vain the speeding or shyness,
In vain the plutonic rocks send their old heat against my approach,
In vain the mastodon retreats beneath its own powder
In vain objects stand leagues off and assume manifold shapes,
In vain the ocean settling in hollows and the great monsters lying low,
In vain the buzzard houses herself with the sky,
In vain the snake slides through the creepers and logs,
In vain the elk takes to the inner passes of the woods,
In vain the razor-bill
sails far north to Labrador,
I follow quickly, I ascend to the nest in the fissure of the cliff.
I think I could turn and live with animals, they are so placid and self-contain
I stand and look at them long and long.
They do not sweat and whine about their condition,
They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,
They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God,
Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with the mania of owning things,
Not one kneels to another, nor to his M
kind that lived thousands of years ago,
Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.
So they show their relations to me and I accept them,
They bring me tokens of myself, they evince them plainly in their possession.
I wonder where they get those tokens,
Did I pass that way huge times ago and negligently drop them?
Myself moving forward then and now and forever,
Gathering and showing more always and with velocity,
Infinite and omnigenous, and the like of these among them,
toward the reachers of my remembrancers,
Picking out here one that I love, and now go with him on brotherly terms.
A gigantic beauty of a stallion, fresh and responsive to my caresses,
Head high in the forehead, wide between the ears,
Limbs glossy and supple, tail dusting the ground,
Eyes full of sparkling wickedness, ears finely cut, flexibly moving.
His nostrils dilate as my heels embrace him,
His well-built limbs tremble with pleasure as we race around and return.
I but use you a minute, then I reM
Why do I need your paces when I myself out-gallop them?
Even as I stand or sit passing faster than you.
Space and Time! now I see it is true, what I guess
d while I lay alone in my bed,
d the beach under the paling stars of the morning.
My ties and ballasts leave me, my elbows rest in sea-gaps,
I skirt sierras, my palms cover continents,
I am afoot with my vision.
in log huts, camping with lumbermen,
Along the ruts of the turnpike, along the dry gulch and rivulet bed,
Weeding my onion-patch or hoeing rows of carrots and parsnips, crossing savannas, trailing in forests,
Prospecting, gold-digging, girdling the trees of a new purchase,
d ankle-deep by the hot sand, hauling my boat down the shallow river,
Where the panther walks to and fro on a limb overhead, where the buck turns furiously at the hunter,
Where the rattlesnake suns his flabby lengtM
h on a rock, where the otter is feeding on fish,
Where the alligator in his tough pimples sleeps by the bayou,
Where the black bear is searching for roots or honey, where the beaver pats the mud with his paddle-shaped tail;
Over the growing sugar, over the yellow-flower
d cotton plant, over the rice in its low moist field,
d farm house, with its scallop
d scum and slender shoots from the gutters,
Over the western persimmon, over the long-leav
d corn, over the delicate blue-flower flM
Over the white and brown buckwheat, a hummer and buzzer there with the rest,
Over the dusky green of the rye as it ripples and shades in the breeze;
Scaling mountains, pulling myself cautiously up, holding on by low scragged limbs,
Walking the path worn in the grass and beat through the leaves of the brush,
Where the quail is whistling betwixt the woods and the wheat-lot,
Where the bat flies in the Seventh-month eve, where the great gold-bug drops through the dark,
Where the brook puts out of the roots oM
f the old tree and flows to the meadow,
Where cattle stand and shake away flies with the tremulous shuddering of their hides,
Where the cheese-cloth hangs in the kitchen, where andirons straddle the hearth-slab, where cobwebs fall in festoons from the rafters;
Where trip-hammers crash, where the press is whirling its cylinders,
Wherever the human heart beats with terrible throes under its ribs,
Where the pear-shaped balloon is floating aloft, (floating in it myself and looking composedly down,)
-car is drawn on the slip-noose, where the heat hatches pale-green eggs in the dented sand,
Where the she-whale swims with her calf and never forsakes it,
Where the steam-ship trails hind-ways its long pennant of smoke,
Where the fin of the shark cuts like a black chip out of the water,
d brig is riding on unknown currents,
Where shells grow to her slimy deck, where the dead are corrupting below;
Where the dense-starr
d flag is borne at the head of the regiments,
Approaching ManhattanM
up by the long-stretching island,
Under Niagara, the cataract falling like a veil over my countenance,
Upon a door-step, upon the horse-block of hard wood outside,
Upon the race-course, or enjoying picnics or jigs or a good game of base-ball,
At he-festivals, with blackguard gibes, ironical license, bull-dances, drinking, laughter,
At the cider-mill tasting the sweets of the brown mash, sucking the juice through a straw,
At apple-peelings wanting kisses for all the red fruit I find,
At musters, beach-partieM
s, friendly bees, huskings, house-raisings;
Where the mocking-bird sounds his delicious gurgles, cackles, screams, weeps,
Where the hay-rick stands in the barn-yard, where the dry-stalks are scatter
d, where the brood-cow waits in the hovel,
Where the bull advances to do his masculine work, where the stud to the mare, where the cock is treading the hen,
Where the heifers browse, where geese nip their food with short jerks,
Where sun-down shadows lengthen over the limitless and lonesome prairie,
of buffalo make a crawling spread of the square miles far and near,
Where the humming-bird shimmers, where the neck of the long-lived swan is curving and winding,
Where the laughing-gull scoots by the shore, where she laughs her near-human laugh,
Where bee-hives range on a gray bench in the garden half hid by the high weeds,
d partridges roost in a ring on the ground with their heads out,
Where burial coaches enter the arch
d gates of a cemetery,
Where winter wolves bark amid wastes of snoM
w and icicled trees,
Where the yellow-crown
d heron comes to the edge of the marsh at night and feeds upon small crabs,
Where the splash of swimmers and divers cools the warm noon,
Where the katy-did works her chromatic reed on the walnut-tree over the well,
Through patches of citrons and cucumbers with silver-wired leaves,
Through the salt-lick or orange glade, or under conical firs,
Through the gymnasium, through the curtain
d saloon, through the office or public hall;
d with the native and pleM
d with the foreign, pleas
d with the new and old,
d with the homely woman as well as the handsome,
d with the quakeress as she puts off her bonnet and talks melodiously,
d with the tune of the choir of the whitewash
d with the earnest words of the sweating Methodist preacher, impress
d seriously at the camp-meeting;
Looking in at the shop-windows of Broadway the whole forenoon, flatting the flesh of my nose on the thick plate glass,
Wandering the same afterM
noon with my face turn
d up to the clouds, or down a lane or along the beach,
My right and left arms round the sides of two friends, and I in the middle;
Coming home with the silent and dark-cheek
d bush-boy, (behind me he rides at the drape of the day,)
Far from the settlements studying the print of animals
feet, or the moccasin print,
By the cot in the hospital reaching lemonade to a feverish patient,
d corpse when all is still, examining with a candle;
Voyaging to every port to dicM
Hurrying with the modern crowd as eager and fickle as any,
Hot toward one I hate, ready in my madness to knife him,
Solitary at midnight in my back yard, my thoughts gone from me a long while,
Walking the old hills of Jud
a with the beautiful gentle God by my side,
Speeding through space, speeding through heaven and the stars,
Speeding amid the seven satellites and the broad ring, and the diameter of eighty thousand miles,
d meteors, throwing fire-balls like the rest,M
Carrying the crescent child that carries its own full mother in its belly,
Storming, enjoying, planning, loving, cautioning,
Backing and filling, appearing and disappearing,
I tread day and night such roads.
I visit the orchards of spheres and look at the product,
And look at quintillions ripen
d and look at quintillions green.
I fly those flights of a fluid and swallowing soul,
My course runs below the soundings of plummets.
I help myself to material and immaterial,
No guard can shut me off, no M
I anchor my ship for a little while only,
My messengers continually cruise away or bring their returns to me.
I go hunting polar furs and the seal, leaping chasms with a pike-pointed staff, clinging to topples of brittle and blue.
I ascend to the foretruck,
I take my place late at night in the crow
We sail the arctic sea, it is plenty light enough,
Through the clear atmosphere I stretch around on the wonderful beauty,
The enormous masses of ice pass me and I pass them, the scM
enery is plain in all directions,
The white-topt mountains show in the distance, I fling out my fancies toward them,
We are approaching some great battle-field in which we are soon to be engaged,
We pass the colossal outposts of the encampment, we pass with still feet and caution,
Or we are entering by the suburbs some vast and ruin
The blocks and fallen architecture more than all the living cities of the globe.
I am a free companion, I bivouac by invading watchfires,
I turn the bridegroom out ofM
bed and stay with the bride myself,
I tighten her all night to my thighs and lips.
My voice is the wife
s voice, the screech by the rail of the stairs,
s body up dripping and drown
I understand the large hearts of heroes,
The courage of present times and all times,
How the skipper saw the crowded and rudderless wreck of the steam-ship, and Death chasing it up and down the storm,
How he knuckled tight and gave not back an inch, and was faithful of days and faithful of nights,
d in large letters on a board, Be of good cheer, we will not desert you;
d with them and tack
d with them three days and would not give it up,
How he saved the drifting company at last,
How the lank loose-gown
d when boated from the side of their prepared graves,
How the silent old-faced infants and the lifted sick, and the sharp-lipp
All this I swallow, it tastes good, I like it well, it becomes mine,
I am the man, I suffer
The disdain and calmness of martyrs,
The mother of old, condemn
d for a witch, burnt with dry wood, her children gazing on,
The hounded slave that flags in the race, leans by the fence, blowing, cover
The twinges that sting like needles his legs and neck, the murderous buckshot and the bullets,
All these I feel or am.
I am the hounded slave, I wince at the bite of the dogs,
Hell and despair are upon me, crack and again crack the marksmen,
I clutch the rails of the fence, my gore dribs, tM
d with the ooze of my skin,
I fall on the weeds and stones,
The riders spur their unwilling horses, haul close,
Taunt my dizzy ears and beat me violently over the head with whip-stocks.
Agonies are one of my changes of garments,
I do not ask the wounded person how he feels, I myself become the wounded person,
My hurts turn livid upon me as I lean on a cane and observe.
d fireman with breast-bone broken,
Tumbling walls buried me in their debris,
Heat and smoke I inspired, I heard M
the yelling shouts of my comrades,
I heard the distant click of their picks and shovels,
d the beams away, they tenderly lift me forth.
I lie in the night air in my red shirt, the pervading hush is for my sake,
Painless after all I lie exhausted but not so unhappy,
White and beautiful are the faces around me, the heads are bared of their fire-caps,
The kneeling crowd fades with the light of the torches.
Distant and dead resuscitate,
They show as the dial or move as the hands of me, I aM
I am an old artillerist, I tell of my fort
Again the long roll of the drummers,
Again the attacking cannon, mortars,
Again to my listening ears the cannon responsive.
I take part, I see and hear the whole,
The cries, curses, roar, the plaudits for well-aim
The ambulanza slowly passing trailing its red drip,
Workmen searching after damages, making indispensable repairs,
The fall of grenades through the rent roof, the fan-shaped explosiM
The whizz of limbs, heads, stone, wood, iron, high in the air.
Again gurgles the mouth of my dying general, he furiously waves with his hand,
He gasps through the clot Mind not me
Now I tell what I knew in Texas in my early youth,
(I tell not the fall of Alamo,
Not one escaped to tell the fall of Alamo,
The hundred and fifty are dumb yet at Alamo,)
Tis the tale of the murder in cold blood of four hundred and twelve young men.
Retreating they had form
llow square with their baggage for breastworks,
Nine hundred lives out of the surrounding enemy
s, nine times their number, was the price they took in advance,
Their colonel was wounded and their ammunition gone,
They treated for an honorable capitulation, receiv
d writing and seal, gave up their arms and march
d back prisoners of war.
They were the glory of the race of rangers,
Matchless with horse, rifle, song, supper, courtship,
Large, turbulent, generous, handsome, proud, and affectionate,
d, sunburnt, drest in the free costume of hunters,
Not a single one over thirty years of age.
The second First-day morning they were brought out in squads and massacred, it was beautiful early summer,
The work commenced about five o
clock and was over by eight.
d the command to kneel,
Some made a mad and helpless rush, some stood stark and straight,
A few fell at once, shot in the temple or heart, the living and dead lay together,
d and mangled dug in the dirt, the new-comers sawM
d attempted to crawl away,
d with bayonets or batter
d with the blunts of muskets,
A youth not seventeen years old seiz
d his assassin till two more came to release him,
The three were all torn and cover
clock began the burning of the bodies;
That is the tale of the murder of the four hundred and twelve young men.
Would you hear of an old-time sea-fight?
Would you learn who won by the light of the moon M
List to the yarn, as my grandmother
s father the sailor told it to me.
Our foe was no skulk in his ship I tell you, (said he,)
His was the surly English pluck, and there is no tougher or truer, and never was, and never will be;
d eve he came horribly raking us.
We closed with him, the yards entangled, the cannon touch
d fast with his own hands.
d some eighteen pound shots under the water,
On our lower-gun-deck two large pieces had bM
urst at the first fire, killing all around and blowing up overhead.
Fighting at sun-down, fighting at dark,
clock at night, the full moon well up, our leaks on the gain, and five feet of water reported,
The master-at-arms loosing the prisoners confined in the after-hold to give them a chance for themselves.
The transit to and from the magazine is now stopt by the sentinels,
They see so many strange faces they do not know whom to trust.
Our frigate takes fire,
The other asks if we demand quarterM
If our colors are struck and the fighting done?
Now I laugh content, for I hear the voice of my little captain,
We have not struck, he composedly cries, we have just begun our part of the fighting.
Only three guns are in use,
One is directed by the captain himself against the enemy
d with grape and canister silence his musketry and clear his decks.
The tops alone second the fire of this little battery, especially the main-top,
They hold out bravely during the whole of tM
The leaks gain fast on the pumps, the fire eats toward the powder-magazine.
One of the pumps has been shot away, it is generally thought we are sinking.
Serene stands the little captain,
He is not hurried, his voice is neither high nor low,
His eyes give more light to us than our battle-lanterns.
Toward twelve there in the beams of the moon they surrender to us.
d and still lies the midnight,
Two great hulls motionless on the breast of the darknessM
Our vessel riddled and slowly sinking, preparations to pass to the one we have conquer
The captain on the quarter-deck coldly giving his orders through a countenance white as a sheet,
Near by the corpse of the child that serv
The dead face of an old salt with long white hair and carefully curl
The flames spite of all that can be done flickering aloft and below,
The husky voices of the two or three officers yet fit for duty,
Formless stacks of bodies and bodies by themseM
lves, dabs of flesh upon the masts and spars,
Cut of cordage, dangle of rigging, slight shock of the soothe of waves,
Black and impassive guns, litter of powder-parcels, strong scent,
A few large stars overhead, silent and mournful shining,
Delicate sniffs of sea-breeze, smells of sedgy grass and fields by the shore, death-messages given in charge to survivors,
The hiss of the surgeon
s knife, the gnawing teeth of his saw,
Wheeze, cluck, swash of falling blood, short wild scream, and long, dull, tapering grM
These so, these irretrievable.
You laggards there on guard! look to your arms!
d doors they crowd! I am possess
Embody all presences outlaw
See myself in prison shaped like another man,
And feel the dull unintermitted pain.
For me the keepers of convicts shoulder their carbines and keep watch,
It is I let out in the morning and barr
Not a mutineer walks handcuff
d to jail but I am handcuff
d to him and walk by his side,
the jolly one there, and more the silent one with sweat on my twitching lips.)
Not a youngster is taken for larceny but I go up too, and am tried and sentenced.
Not a cholera patient lies at the last gasp but I also lie at the last gasp,
My face is ash-color
d, my sinews gnarl, away from me people retreat.
Askers embody themselves in me and I am embodied in them,
I project my hat, sit shame-faced, and beg.
Enough! enough! enough!
Somehow I have been stunn
Give me a little timM
d head, slumbers, dreams, gaping,
I discover myself on the verge of a usual mistake.
That I could forget the mockers and insults!
That I could forget the trickling tears and the blows of the bludgeons and hammers!
That I could look with a separate look on my own crucifixion and bloody crowning.
I resume the overstaid fraction,
The grave of rock multiplies what has been confided to it, or to any graves,
Corpses rise, gashes heal, fastenings roll from me.
d with supreme power, one of an average unending procession,
Inland and sea-coast we go, and pass all boundary lines,
Our swift ordinances on their way over the whole earth,
The blossoms we wear in our hats the growth of thousands of years.
Eleves, I salute you! come forward!
Continue your annotations, continue your questionings.
The friendly and flowing savage, who is he?
Is he waiting for civilization, or past it and mastering it?
Is he some Southwesterner rais
Is he from the Mississippi country? Iowa, Oregon, California?
The mountains? prairie-life, bush-life? or sailor from the sea?
Wherever he goes men and women accept and desire him,
They desire he should like them, touch them, speak to them, stay with them.
Behavior lawless as snow-flakes, words simple as grass, uncomb
d head, laughter, and naivet
Slow-stepping feet, common features, common modes and emanations,
They descend in new forms from the tips of his fingers,
They are wafted with tM
he odor of his body or breath, they fly out of the glance of his eyes.
Flaunt of the sunshine I need not your bask
You light surfaces only, I force surfaces and depths also.
Earth! you seem to look for something at my hands,
Say, old top-knot, what do you want?
Man or woman, I might tell how I like you, but cannot,
And might tell what it is in me and what it is in you, but cannot,
And might tell that pining I have, that pulse of my nights and days.
Behold, I do not give lectures or aM
When I give I give myself.
You there, impotent, loose in the knees,
d chops till I blow grit within you,
Spread your palms and lift the flaps of your pockets,
I am not to be denied, I compel, I have stores plenty and to spare,
And any thing I have I bestow.
I do not ask who you are, that is not important to me,
You can do nothing and be nothing but what I will infold you.
To cotton-field drudge or cleaner of privies I lean,
On his right cheek I put the family kiss,M
And in my soul I swear I never will deny him.
On women fit for conception I start bigger and nimbler babes.
(This day I am jetting the stuff of far more arrogant republics.)
To any one dying, thither I speed and twist the knob of the door.
Turn the bed-clothes toward the foot of the bed,
Let the physician and the priest go home.
I seize the descending man and raise him with resistless will,
O despairer, here is my neck,
By God, you shall not go down! hang your whole weight upon me.
ith tremendous breath, I buoy you up,
Every room of the house do I fill with an arm
Lovers of me, bafflers of graves.
I and they keep guard all night,
Not doubt, not decease shall dare to lay finger upon you,
I have embraced you, and henceforth possess you to myself,
And when you rise in the morning you will find what I tell you is so.
I am he bringing help for the sick as they pant on their backs,
And for strong upright men I bring yet more needed help.
I heard what was said oM
Heard it and heard it of several thousand years;
It is middling well as far as it goes
Magnifying and applying come I,
Outbidding at the start the old cautious hucksters,
Taking myself the exact dimensions of Jehovah,
Lithographing Kronos, Zeus his son, and Hercules his grandson,
Buying drafts of Osiris, Isis, Belus, Brahma, Buddha,
In my portfolio placing Manito loose, Allah on a leaf, the crucifix engraved,
With Odin and the hideous-faced Mexitli and every idol and imM
Taking them all for what they are worth and not a cent more,
Admitting they were alive and did the work of their days,
(They bore mites as for unfledg
d birds who have now to rise and fly and sing for themselves,)
Accepting the rough deific sketches to fill out better in myself, bestowing them freely on each man and woman I see,
Discovering as much or more in a framer framing a house,
Putting higher claims for him there with his roll
d-up sleeves driving the mallet and chisel,
Not objecting to speciM
al revelations, considering a curl of smoke or a hair on the back of my hand just as curious as any revelation,
Lads ahold of fire-engines and hook-and-ladder ropes no less to me than the gods of the antique wars,
Minding their voices peal through the crash of destruction,
Their brawny limbs passing safe over charr
d laths, their white foreheads whole and unhurt out of the flames;
s wife with her babe at her nipple interceding for every person born,
Three scythes at harvest whizzing in a roM
w from three lusty angels with shirts bagg
d out at their waists,
d hostler with red hair redeeming sins past and to come,
Selling all he possesses, traveling on foot to fee lawyers for his brother and sit by him while he is tried for forgery;
What was strewn in the amplest strewing the square rod about me, and not filling the square rod then,
The bull and the bug never worshipp
Dung and dirt more admirable than was dream
The supernatural of no account, myself waiting M
my time to be one of the supremes,
The day getting ready for me when I shall do as much good as the best, and be as prodigious;
By my life-lumps! becoming already a creator,
Putting myself here and now to the ambush
d womb of the shadows.
A call in the midst of the crowd,
My own voice, orotund sweeping and final.
Come my boys and girls, my women, household and intimates,
Now the performer launches his nerve, he has pass
d his prelude on the reeds within.
Easily written looseM
I feel the thrum of your climax and close.
My head slues round on my neck,
Music rolls, but not from the organ,
Folks are around me, but they are no household of mine.
Ever the hard unsunk ground,
Ever the eaters and drinkers, ever the upward and downward sun, ever the air and the ceaseless tides,
Ever myself and my neighbors, refreshing, wicked, real,
Ever the old inexplicable query, ever that thorn
d thumb, that breath of itches and thirsts,
s hoot! hoot! till wM
e find where the sly one hides and bring him forth,
Ever love, ever the sobbing liquid of life,
Ever the bandage under the chin, ever the trestles of death.
Here and there with dimes on the eyes walking,
To feed the greed of the belly the brains liberally spooning,
Tickets buying, taking, selling, but in to the feast never once going,
Many sweating, ploughing, thrashing, and then the chaff for payment receiving,
A few idly owning, and they the wheat continually claiming.
This is the city and I am one ofM
Whatever interests the rest interests me, politics, wars, markets, newspapers, schools,
The mayor and councils, banks, tariffs, steamships, factories, stocks, stores, real estate and personal estate.
The little plentiful manikins skipping around in collars and tail
I am aware who they are, (they are positively not worms or fleas,)
I acknowledge the duplicates of myself, the weakest and shallowest is deathless with me,
What I do and say the same waits for them,
Every thought that fM
lounders in me the same flounders in them.
I know perfectly well my own egotism,
Know my omnivorous lines and must not write any less,
And would fetch you whoever you are flush with myself.
Not words of routine this song of mine,
But abruptly to question, to leap beyond yet nearer bring;
This printed and bound book
but the printer and the printing-office boy?
The well-taken photographs
but your wife or friend close and solid in your arms?
d with iron, her mighty guns in her turM
but the pluck of the captain and engineers?
In the houses the dishes and fare and furniture
but the host and hostess, and the look out of their eyes?
yet here or next door, or across the way?
The saints and sages in history
Sermons, creeds, theology
but the fathomless human brain,
And what is reason? and what is love? and what is life?
I do not despise you priests, all time, the world over,
My faith is the greatest of faiths and the least of faiths,
closing worship ancient and modern and all between ancient and modern,
Believing I shall come again upon the earth after five thousand years,
Waiting responses from oracles, honoring the gods, saluting the sun,
Making a fetich of the first rock or stump, powowing with sticks in the circle of obis,
Helping the llama or brahmin as he trims the lamps of the idols,
Dancing yet through the streets in a phallic procession, rapt and austere in the woods a gymnosophist,
Drinking mead from the skull-cup, to Shastas anM
d Vedas admirant, minding the Koran,
Walking the teokallis, spotted with gore from the stone and knife, beating the serpent-skin drum,
Accepting the Gospels, accepting him that was crucified, knowing assuredly that he is divine,
To the mass kneeling or the puritan
s prayer rising, or sitting patiently in a pew,
Ranting and frothing in my insane crisis, or waiting dead-like till my spirit arouses me,
Looking forth on pavement and land, or outside of pavement and land,
Belonging to the winders of the circuit M
One of that centripetal and centrifugal gang I turn and talk like a man leaving charges before a journey.
Down-hearted doubters dull and excluded,
Frivolous, sullen, moping, angry, affected, dishearten
I know every one of you, I know the sea of torment, doubt, despair and unbelief.
How the flukes splash!
How they contort rapid as lightning, with spasms and spouts of blood!
Be at peace bloody flukes of doubters and sullen mopers,
I take my place among you as much as amoM
The past is the push of you, me, all, precisely the same,
And what is yet untried and afterward is for you, me, all, precisely the same.
I do not know what is untried and afterward,
But I know it will in its turn prove sufficient, and cannot fail.
Each who passes is consider
d, each who stops is consider
d, not a single one can it fail.
It cannot fail the young man who died and was buried,
Nor the young woman who died and was put by his side,
Nor the little child that peep
or, and then drew back and was never seen again,
Nor the old man who has lived without purpose, and feels it with bitterness worse than gall,
Nor him in the poor house tubercled by rum and the bad disorder,
Nor the numberless slaughter
d, nor the brutish koboo call
d the ordure of humanity,
Nor the sacs merely floating with open mouths for food to slip in,
Nor any thing in the earth, or down in the oldest graves of the earth,
Nor any thing in the myriads of spheres, nor the myriads of myriadM
s that inhabit them,
Nor the present, nor the least wisp that is known.
It is time to explain myself
What is known I strip away,
I launch all men and women forward with me into the Unknown.
The clock indicates the moment
but what does eternity indicate?
We have thus far exhausted trillions of winters and summers,
There are trillions ahead, and trillions ahead of them.
Births have brought us richness and variety,
And other births will bring us richness and variety.
not call one greater and one smaller,
That which fills its period and place is equal to any.
Were mankind murderous or jealous upon you, my brother, my sister?
I am sorry for you, they are not murderous or jealous upon me,
All has been gentle with me, I keep no account with lamentation,
(What have I to do with lamentation?)
I am an acme of things accomplish
d, and I an encloser of things to be.
My feet strike an apex of the apices of the stairs,
On every step bunches of ages, and larger bunches betM
All below duly travel
d, and still I mount and mount.
Rise after rise bow the phantoms behind me,
Afar down I see the huge first Nothing, I know I was even there,
I waited unseen and always, and slept through the lethargic mist,
And took my time, and took no hurt from the fetid carbon.
Immense have been the preparations for me,
Faithful and friendly the arms that have help
Cycles ferried my cradle, rowing and rowing like cheerful M
For room to me stars kept aside in their own rings,
They sent influences to look after what was to hold me.
Before I was born out of my mother generations guided me,
My embryo has never been torpid, nothing could overlay it.
For it the nebula cohered to an orb,
The long slow strata piled to rest it on,
Vast vegetables gave it sustenance,
Monstrous sauroids transported it in their mouths and deposited it with care.
All forces have been steadily employ
d to complete and delight me,
his spot I stand with my robust soul.
O span of youth! ever-push
O manhood, balanced, florid and full.
My lovers suffocate me,
Crowding my lips, thick in the pores of my skin,
Jostling me through streets and public halls, coming naked to me at night,
Crying by day Ahoy! from the rocks of the river, swinging and chirping over my head,
Calling my name from flower-beds, vines, tangled underbrush,
Lighting on every moment of my life,
Bussing my body with soft balsamic busses,
ly passing handfuls out of their hearts and giving them to be mine.
Old age superbly rising! O welcome, ineffable grace of dying days!
Every condition promulges not only itself, it promulges what grows after and out of itself,
And the dark hush promulges as much as any.
I open my scuttle at night and see the far-sprinkled systems,
And all I see multiplied as high as I can cipher edge but the rim of the farther systems.
Wider and wider they spread, expanding, always expanding,
Outward and outward and M
My sun has his sun and round him obediently wheels,
He joins with his partners a group of superior circuit,
And greater sets follow, making specks of the greatest inside them.
There is no stoppage and never can be stoppage,
If I, you, and the worlds, and all beneath or upon their surfaces, were this moment reduced back to a pallid float, it would not avail in the long run,
We should surely bring up again where we now stand,
And surely go as much farther, and then farther and farther.
A few quadrillions of eras, a few octillions of cubic leagues, do not hazard the span or make it impatient,
They are but parts, any thing is but a part.
See ever so far, there is limitless space outside of that,
Count ever so much, there is limitless time around that.
My rendezvous is appointed, it is certain,
The Lord will be there and wait till I come on perfect terms,
The great Camerado, the lover true for whom I pine will be there.
I know I have the best of time and space, and was never measureM
d and never will be measured.
I tramp a perpetual journey, (come listen all!)
My signs are a rain-proof coat, good shoes, and a staff cut from the woods,
No friend of mine takes his ease in my chair,
I have no chair, no church, no philosophy,
I lead no man to a dinner-table, library, exchange,
But each man and each woman of you I lead upon a knoll,
My left hand hooking you round the waist,
My right hand pointing to landscapes of continents and the public road.
Not I, not any one else can travel that roM
You must travel it for yourself.
It is not far, it is within reach,
Perhaps you have been on it since you were born and did not know,
Perhaps it is everywhere on water and on land.
Shoulder your duds dear son, and I will mine, and let us hasten forth,
Wonderful cities and free nations we shall fetch as we go.
If you tire, give me both burdens, and rest the chuff of your hand on my hip,
And in due time you shall repay the same service to me,
For after we start we never lie by again.
s day before dawn I ascended a hill and look
d at the crowded heaven,
And I said to my spirit When we become the enfolders of those orbs, and the pleasure and knowledge of every thing in them, shall we be fill
d and satisfied then?
And my spirit said No, we but level that lift to pass and continue beyond.
You are also asking me questions and I hear you,
I answer that I cannot answer, you must find out for yourself.
Sit a while dear son,
Here are biscuits to eat and here is milk to drink,
as you sleep and renew yourself in sweet clothes, I kiss you with a good-by kiss and open the gate for your egress hence.
Long enough have you dream
d contemptible dreams,
Now I wash the gum from your eyes,
You must habit yourself to the dazzle of the light and of every moment of your life.
Long have you timidly waded holding a plank by the shore,
Now I will you to be a bold swimmer,
To jump off in the midst of the sea, rise again, nod to me, shout, and laughingly dash with your hair.
He that by me spreads a wider breast than my own proves the width of my own,
He most honors my style who learns under it to destroy the teacher.
The boy I love, the same becomes a man not through derived power, but in his own right,
Wicked rather than virtuous out of conformity or fear,
Fond of his sweetheart, relishing well his steak,
Unrequited love or a slight cutting him worse than sharp steel cuts,
First-rate to ride, to fight, to hit the bull
s eye, to sail a skiff, to sing a sonM
g or play on the banjo,
Preferring scars and the beard and faces pitted with small-pox over all latherers,
d to those that keep out of the sun.
I teach straying from me, yet who can stray from me?
I follow you whoever you are from the present hour,
My words itch at your ears till you understand them.
I do not say these things for a dollar or to fill up the time while I wait for a boat,
(It is you talking just as much as myself, I act as the tongue of you,
Tied in your mouth, in minM
e it begins to be loosen
I swear I will never again mention love or death inside a house,
And I swear I will never translate myself at all, only to him or her who privately stays with me in the open air.
If you would understand me go to the heights or water-shore,
The nearest gnat is an explanation, and a drop or motion of waves a key,
The maul, the oar, the hand-saw, second my words.
d room or school can commune with me,
But roughs and little children better than they.
mechanic is closest to me, he knows me well,
The woodman that takes his axe and jug with him shall take me with him all day,
The farm-boy ploughing in the field feels good at the sound of my voice,
In vessels that sail my words sail, I go with fishermen and seamen and love them.
d or upon the march is mine,
On the night ere the pending battle many seek me, and I do not fail them,
On that solemn night (it may be their last) those that know me seek me.
My face rubs to the hunter
when he lies down alone in his blanket,
The driver thinking of me does not mind the jolt of his wagon,
The young mother and old mother comprehend me,
The girl and the wife rest the needle a moment and forget where they are,
They and all would resume what I have told them.
I have said that the soul is not more than the body,
And I have said that the body is not more than the soul,
And nothing, not God, is greater to one than one
And whoever walks a furlong without sympathy walks to his owM
n funeral drest in his shroud,
And I or you pocketless of a dime may purchase the pick of the earth,
And to glance with an eye or show a bean in its pod confounds the learning of all times,
And there is no trade or employment but the young man following it may become a hero,
And there is no object so soft but it makes a hub for the wheel
And I say to any man or woman, Let your soul stand cool and composed before a million universes.
And I say to mankind, Be not curious about God,
curious about each am not curious about God,
(No array of terms can say how much I am at peace about God and about death.)
I hear and behold God in every object, yet understand God not in the least,
Nor do I understand who there can be more wonderful than myself.
Why should I wish to see God better than this day?
I see something of God each hour of the twenty-four, and each moment then,
In the faces of men and women I see God, and in my own face in the glass,
I find letters from God dropt in the street,M
and every one is sign
And I leave them where they are, for I know that wheresoe
Others will punctually come for ever and ever.
And as to you Death, and you bitter hug of mortality, it is idle to try to alarm me.
To his work without flinching the accoucheur comes,
I see the elder-hand pressing receiving supporting,
I recline by the sills of the exquisite flexible doors,
And mark the outlet, and mark the relief and escape.
And as to you Corpse I think you are good maM
nure, but that does not offend me,
I smell the white roses sweet-scented and growing,
I reach to the leafy lips, I reach to the polish
d breasts of melons.
And as to you Life I reckon you are the leavings of many deaths,
(No doubt I have died myself ten thousand times before.)
I hear you whispering there O stars of heaven,
O perpetual transfers and promotions,
If you do not say any thing how can I say any thing?
Of the turbid pool that lies in the autumn forest,
moon that descends the steeps of the soughing twilight,
Toss, sparkles of day and dusk
toss on the black stems that decay in the muck,
Toss to the moaning gibberish of the dry limbs.
I ascend from the moon, I ascend from the night,
I perceive that the ghastly glimmer is noonday sunbeams reflected,
And debouch to the steady and central from the offspring great or small.
I do not know what it is
but I know it is in me.
calm and cool then my body becomM
it is a word unsaid,
It is not in any dictionary, utterance, symbol.
Something it swings on more than the earth I swing on,
To it the creation is the friend whose embracing awakes me.
Perhaps I might tell more. Outlines! I plead for my brothers and sisters.
Do you see O my brothers and sisters?
It is not chaos or death
it is form, union, plan
The past and present wilt
d them, emptied them,
And proceed to fill my next fold of the future.
Listener up there! what have you to confide to me?
Look in my face while I snuff the sidle of evening,
(Talk honestly, no one else hears you, and I stay only a minute longer.)
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself,
(I am large, I contain multitudes.)
I concentrate toward them that are nigh, I wait on the door-slab.
Who has done his day
s work? who will soonest be through with his supper?
Will you speak before I am gone? will you prove already too late?
The spotted hawk swoops by and accuses me, he complains of my gab and my loitering.
I too am not a bit tamed, I too am untranslatable,
I sound my barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world.
The last scud of day holds back for me,
It flings my likeness after the rest and true as any on the shadow
It coaxes me to the vapor and the dusk.
I depart as air, I shake my white locks at the runaway sun,
esh in eddies, and drift it in lacy jags.
I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love,
If you want me again look for me under your boot-soles.
You will hardly know who I am or what I mean,
But I shall be good health to you nevertheless,
And filter and fibre your blood.
Failing to fetch me at first keep encouraged,
Missing me one place search another,
I stop somewhere waiting for you.
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Morning: The Narrow Road
Bast almost made it out the back door of
He actually had made it outside, both
feet were over the threshold and the door
was almost entirely eased shut behind
him before he heard his master
Bast paused, hand on the latch. He
frowned at the door, hardly a handspan
from being closed. He hadn
noise. He knew it. He was familiar with
all the silent pieces of the inn, which
floorboards sighed beM
sometimes, depending on their mood, but
that was easy to work around. Bast
shifted his grip on the latch, lifted up so
heavy, then eased it slowly closed. No
creak. The swinging door was softer than
Bast stood upright and grinned. His face
was sweet and sly and wild. He looked
like a naughty child who had managed to
steal the moon and eat it. His smile was
like the last sliver of remM
sharp and white and dangerous.
The call came again, louder this
time. Nothing so crass as a shout, his
master would never stoop to bellowing.
But when he wanted to be heard, his
baritone would not be stopped by
anything so insubstantial as an oaken
door. His voice carried like a horn, and
Bast felt his name tug at him like a hand
Bast sighed, then opened the door
lightly and strode back inside. He was
dark, and tall, and lovely. When he
walked he looked like M
After a moment the innkeeper stepped
into the kitchen; he wore a clean white
apron and his hair was red. Other than
that, he was painfully unremarkable. His
face held the doughy placidness of bored
innkeepers everywhere. Despite the early
hour, he looked tired.
He handed Bast a leather book.
he said without a hint
Bast took the book and made a show of
made the shape of a smile.
re out on your errands,
would you mind picking up some eggs?
Bast nodded, tucking the book under his
he asked dutifully.
Maybe some carrots too. I
ll do stew tonight. It
ll need to be ready for a crowd.
mouth turned up slightly at one corner as
The innkeeper started to turn away, then
Oh. The Williams boy stopped
ight, looking for you. Didn
leave any sort of message.
eyebrow at Bast. The look said more than
t the slightest idea what he
The innkeeper made a noncommittal
noise and turned back toward the
d taken three steps Bast was
already out the door and running through
the early-morning sunlight.
By the time Bast arrived, there were
already two children waiting. They
played on the huge greystone that lay
e bottom of the hill,
climbing up the tilting side of it, then
jumping down into the tall grass.
Knowing they were watching, Bast took
his time climbing the tiny hill. At the top
stood what the children called the
lightning tree, though these days it was
little more than a branchless trunk barely
taller than a man. All the bark had long
since fallen away, and the sun had
bleached the wood as white as bone. All
except the very top, where even after all
these years the wood was charred a
ast touched the trunk with his
fingertips and made a slow circuit of the
tree. He went deasil, the same direction as
the turning sun. The proper way for
making. Then he turned and switched
hands, making three slow circles
widdershins. That turning was against the
world. It was the way of breaking. Back
and forth he went, as if the tree were a
bobbin and he was winding and
Finally he sat with his back against the
tree and set the book on a nearby stone.
The sun shone on the gold gilt letters,M
Celum Tinture. Then he amused himself
by tossing stones into the nearby stream
that cut into the low slope of the hill
opposite the greystone.
After a minute, a round little blond boy
trudged up the hill. He was the baker
youngest son, Brann. He smelled of sweat
and fresh bread and... something else.
Something out of place.
s slow approach had an air of
ritual about it. He crested the small hill
and stood there for a moment quietly, the
only noise coming from the other two
Finally Bast turned to look the boy over.
He was no more than eight or nine, well
dressed, and plumper than most of the
s children. He carried a wad
of white cloth in his hand.
The boy swallowed nervously.
The boy gingerly opened his hand,
revealing the wad of cloth to be a
makeshift bandage, spattered with bright
red. It stuck to his hand slightly. Bast
nodded; that was what he
I was playing with M
Bast examined the cut. It ran shallow
along the meat near the thumb. Nothing
Nothing like the birching I
finds out I was messing with her knives.
Bast nodded sympathetically.
clean the knife and put it back?
Bast tapped his lips thoughtfully.
thought you saw a big black rat. It
scared you. You threw a knife at it and
cut yourself. Yesterday one of the other
children told you a story about rM
while they slept. It gave you
Brann gave a shudder.
The boy grinned viciously.
Bast began to tick off things on his
Get some blood on the knife
before you throw it.
cloth the boy had wrapped his hand in.
Get rid of that, too. The blood is dry,
obviously old. Can you work up a good
The boy shook his head, seeming a littleM
embarrassed by the fact.
Put some salt in your eyes. Get all
snotty and teary before you run to them.
Howl and blubber. Then when they
asking you about your hand, tell your
re sorry if you broke her knife.
Brann listened, nodding slowly at first,
then faster. He smiled.
looked around nervously.
s boy thought for a minute.
s tupping the Widow Creel...
Bast rubbed his nose,
Can you bring me two sweet
have you got in your pockets?
The boy dug around and held up both
his hands. He had two iron shims, a flat
greenish stone, a bird skull, a tangle of
string, and a bit of chalk.
Bast claimed the string. Then, careful
not to touch the shims, he took the
greenish stone between two fingers and
s hesitation, the boy
Bast put the stone in his pocket.
What if I get a birching anyway?
You wanted a lie. I gave you a good one.
If you want me to get you out of trouble,
s something else entirely.
s boy looked disappointed,
but he nodded and headed down the hill.
Next up the hill was a slightly older
boy in tattered homespun. One of the
Alard boys, Kale. He had a split lip and
a crust of blood around one nostril. He
was as furious as only a boy of ten can
be. His expression was a thunderstorm.
I caught my brother kissing Gretta
behind the old mill!
he crested the hill, not waiting for Bast to
He knew I was sweet on her!
Bast spread his hands helplessly,
The boy touched his split lip with his
The boy thought for a bit, then held up
his hands about two feet apart.
a scale from mouse to bull?
The boy rubbed his nose for a while.
s worth. Not like Crazy Martin
though. Like the Bentons
Bast nodded and tilted his head back in
The boy looked skeptical.
sound like a whole dog
Bast shook his head.
and hide it. Let it sit for a day or two.
Then one night when he
by the fire, pour the piss on his shoes.
t make a puddle, just get them damp.
t even smell too much...
the boy interrupted
Bast held up a pacifying hand.
his feet get sweaty, heM
ll start to smell like
ll smell like piss. When he
walks in the snow, he
ll smell like piss. It
will be hard for him to figure out exactly
s coming from, but everyone
will know your brother is the one that
Bast grinned at the boy.
guessing your Gretta isn
to kiss the boy who can
Raw admiration spread across the
s face like sunrise in the
s the most bastardly
Bast tried to look modest and failed.
Have you got anything for me?
I found a wild beehive,
That will do for a start,
s off past the Orissons
The boy squatted and drew
Well... I know where Crazy Martin
Bast raised his eyebrows at that.
The boy drew another map and gave
some directions. Then he stood and
dusted off his knees.
Bast scuffed his foot in the dirt,
destroying the map.
The boy dusted off his knees,
a message too. Rike wants to see you.
Bast shook his head firmly.
the rules. Tell him no.
the boy said with a
comically exaggerated shrug.
tell him again if I see him...
There were no more children waiting
Kale, so Bast tucked the leather
book under his arm and went on a long,
rambling stroll. He found some wild
raspberries and ate them. He took a drink
Eventually Bast climbed to the top of a
nearby bluff where he gave a great stretch
before tucking the leather-bound copy of
Celum Tinture into a spreading hawthorn
tree where a wide branch made a cozy
nook against the trunk.
He looked up at the sky then, clear and
bright. No clouds. Not much wind. Warm
t a market day. Hours
before noon on Felling...
s brow furrowed a bit, as if
performing some complex calculation.
Then he nodded to himself.
Then Bast headed back down the bluff,
s place and around the
brambles that bordered the Alard farm.
When he came to Littlecreek he cut some
reeds and idly whittled at them with a
small bright knife. Then brought the
string out of his pocket and bound them
together, fashioning a tidy set of
He blew across the top of them and
cocked his head to listen to their sweet
discord. His bright knife trimmed some
more, and he blew again. This time the
tune was closer, which made the discord
s knife flicked again, once, twice,
thrice. Then he put it away and brought
the pipes closer to his face. He breathed
in through his nose, smelling the wet
green of them. Then he licked the
freshcut tops of the reeds, the flicker of
his tongue a sudden, startling red.
Then he drew a breaM
the pipes. This time the sound was bright
as moonlight, lively as a leaping fish,
sweet as stolen fruit. Smiling, Bast
headed off into the Bentons
t long before he heard the
low, mindless bleat of distant sheep.
A minute later, Bast came over the crest
of a hill and saw two dozen fat, daft sheep
cropping grass in the green valley below.
It was shadowy here, and secluded. The
lack of recent rain meant the grazing was
better here. The steep sides of the valM
meant the sheep weren
t need much looking after.
A young woman sat in the shade of a
spreading elm that overlooked the valley.
She had taken off her shoes and bonnet.
Her long, thick hair was the color of ripe
Bast began playing then. A dangerous
tune. It was sweet and bright and slow
The shepherdess perked up at the sound
of it, or so it seemed at first. She lifted her
head, excited... but no. She didn
in his direction at all. She was mereM
climbing to her feet to have a stretch,
rising high up onto her toes, hands
twining over her head.
Still apparently unaware she was being
serenaded, the young woman picked up
a nearby blanket, spread it beneath the
tree, and sat back down. It was a little
d been sitting there before
without the blanket. Perhaps she
Bast continued to play as he walked
down the slope of the valley toward her.
He did not hurry, and the music he made
was sweet and playful and languoM
The shepherdess showed no sign of
noticing the music or Bast himself. In fact
she looked away from him, toward the far
end of the little valley, as if curious what
the sheep might be doing there. When she
turned her head, it exposed the lovely line
of her neck from her perfect shell-like
ear, down to the gentle swell of breast
that showed above her bodice.
Eyes intent on the young woman, Bast
stepped on a loose stone and stumbled
awkwardly down the hill. He blew one
ote, then dropped a few
more from his song as he threw out one
arm wildly to catch his balance.
The shepherdess laughed then, but she
was pointedly looking at the other end of
the valley. Perhaps the sheep had done
something humorous. Yes. That was
surely it. They could be funny animals at
Even so, one can only look at sheep for
so long. She sighed and relaxed, leaning
back against the sloping trunk of the tree.
The motion accidentally pulled the hem
of her skirt up slightly past her knee. Her
calves were round and tan and covered
with the lightest down of honey-colored
Bast continued down the hill. His steps
delicate and graceful. He looked like a
stalking cat. He looked like he were
Apparently satisfied the sheep were
safe, the shepherdess sighed again, closed
her eyes, and lay her head against the
trunk of the tree. Her face tilted up to
catch the sun. She seemed about to sleep,
but for all her sighing her breath seemed
to be coming rather quickly. And when
tlessly to make herself
more comfortable, one hand fell in such a
way that it accidentally drew the hem of
her dress even farther up until it showed
a pale expanse of thigh.
It is hard to grin while playing
s pipes. Somehow Bast
The sun was climbing the sky when Bast
returned to the lightning tree, pleasantly
sweaty and in a state of mild dishevel.
There were no children waiting near the
greystones this time, which suited him
He did a quick circle of the tree again
hen he reached the top of the hill, once
in each direction to ensure his small
workings were still in place. Then he
slumped down and at the foot of the tree
and leaned against the trunk. Less than a
minute later his eyes were closed and he
was snoring slightly.
After the better part of an hour, the nearsilent
sound of footsteps roused him. He
gave a great stretch and spied a thin boy
with freckles and clothes that were
slightly past the point where they might
merely be called well-worn.
Seems sunny enough to me today,
boy said as he came to the top of the hill.
And I found a lovely secret by the
roadside. Something I thought you might
then. What sort of secret did you stumble
Kostrel sat cross-legged on the grass
I know where Emberlee takes
Bast raised a half-interested eyebrow.
sixth prettiest girl in town, after all.
the boy said, indignant.
the second prettiest and you know it.
s legs are skinny as a chicken
Kostrel observed calmly.
Bast smiled at the boy.
own. But yes. I am interested. What
would you like in trade? An answer, a
boy said with a small smirk. His dark
eyes were sharp in his lean face.
good answers to three questions. And it
worth it. Because Emberlee is the third
prettiest girl in town.
Bast opened his mouth as if he were
going to protest, then shrugged and
answers on a subject named beforehand,
Any subject except that of
my employer, whose trust in me I cannot
in good conscience betray.
equivocating or bullshittery.
So long as the questions
are focused and specific. No
everything you know about
not to tell anyone else where Emberlee is
having her bullshittery Kostrel scowled at
that, and Bast laughed.
you would have sold it twenty
oy shrugged easily, not denying it,
and not embarrassed either.
answers on a single subject with the
understanding that I
the boy said sullenly.
And with the understanding that you
t tell Emberlee anyone knows.
Kostrel looked so offended at this that
t bother waiting for him to
And with the understanding that
The dark-eyed boy spat a couple words
that surprised Bast more than his earlier
t know the answer to my question, I
Bast thought about it for a moment, then
And if I pick a subject you don
much about, I get to chose another.
And you loan me another book,
boy said, his dark eyes glaring.
copper penny. And you hM
Bast threw back his head and laughed.
They shook on the deal, the boy
hand was delicate as a bird
Bast leaned against the lightning tree,
yawning and rubbing the back of his
s grim look lifted a little then,
and he grinned excitedly.
It says a great deal that Bast finished his
great yawp of a yawn as if nothing were
the matter. It is quite hard to yaM
stretch when your belly feels like you
swallowed a lump of bitter iron and your
mouth has gone suddenly dry.
But Bast was something of a
professional dissembler, so he yawned
and stretched, and even went so far as to
scratch himself under one arm lazily.
the boy asked impatiently.
you know enough about them?
much better job of looking modest this
More than most folk, I imagine.
Kostrel leaned forward, his thin face
I thought you might. You aren
from around here. You know things.
s really out there in the
Bast admitted. He looked
Ask your questions then. I
have to be somewhere come noon.
The boy nodded seriously, then looked
down at the grass in front of himself
for a moment, thinking.
Bast blinked for a moment, taken aback.
Then he laughed helplessly and threw up
Merciful Tehlu. Do you have
any idea how crazy that question is?
re not like anything. They
Kostrel looked indignant.
he said, leveling a finger
I said no bullshittery!
his hands defensively.
impossible question to answer is all.
What would you say if I asked you what
people were like? How could you answer
that? There are so many kinds of
Give me a big answer.
The boy gave a profoundly
unsympathetic shrug.
It could be argued that
your question is neither focused nor
Kostrel raised an eyebrow.
arguing now? I thought we were trading
information? Fully and freely. If you
asked me where Emberlee was going for
her bath, and I said,
Fair enough. But if I told
you every rumor and snippet I
heard, this would take a span of days.
Most of it would be useless, and some
t even be true because
s just from stories that I
Kostrel frowned, but before he could
protest, Bast held up a hand.
ll do. Despite the unfocused nature
ll give you an answer
that covers the rough shape of things and
true secret on the subject. Okay?
Kostrel said, his dark
eyes glittering with excitement.
Bast took a deep breath.
When you say fae, you
anything that lives in the Fae. That
includes a lot of things that are... just
creatures. Like animals. Here you have
dogs and squirrels and bears. In the Fae,
they have raum and dennerlings and...
ast shook his head.
heard. Not anymore...
Kostrel looked disappointed.
about the fair folk? Like faerie tinkers
The boy narrowed his eyes.
merely an attempt to focus your ongoing
Bast laughed helplessly.
lady. Ongoing? Was your mother scared
by an azzie when she was pregnant?
Where do you get that kind of talk?
I stay awake in church.
And sometimes Abbe Leodin
s me read his books. What do they look
Like regular people,
Bast fought back a smile.
t hardly notice if they
passed you on the street. But there are
others. Some of them are... They
different. More powerful.
Like Varsa never-dead?
powerful in other ways. Like the mayor is
powerful. Or like a moneylender.
expression went sour.
re not good to be around. They like
to trick people. Play with them.
Some of the excitement bled out of
Bast hesitated, then nodded a reluctant
Some are very much like
makes no difference.
Are some of them like angels, too?
s nice to think that,
Where do they come from?
Bast cocked his head.
second question then?
guessing it must be, as it
do with what the Fae are like...
Kostrel grimaced, seeming a little
embarrassed, though Bast couldn
d gotten carried away
with his questions, or ashamed he
caught trying to get a free answer.
Is it true that a faerie
like to. Some are happy to lie but
o back on promise or
lie quite well, and do so at every
Kostrel began to ask something else,
but Bast cleared his throat.
good answer. I even gave you a few
free questions, to help with the focus of
Kostrel gave a slightly sullen nod.
s your first secret.
come to this world. They don
rubs all rough against them, like wearing
a burlap shirt. But when they do come,
they like some places better than others.
They like wild places. Secret places.
Strange places. There are many types of
fae, many courts and houses. And all of
them are ruled according to their own
Bast continued in a tone of soft
But something that appeals
to all the fae are places with connections
to the raw, true things that shape the
world. Places that are touched with fire
aces that are close to water
and air. When all four come together...
Bast paused to see if the boy would
interject something here. But Kostrel
face had lost the sharp cunning it had held
before. He looked like a child again,
mouth slightly agape, his eyes wide with
folk look nearly like we do, but not
exactly. Most have something about them
that makes them different. Their eyes.
Their ears. The color of their hair or skin.
ller than normal, or
shorter, or stronger, or more beautiful.
Bast said testily.
Felurian. But any of the Fae who has
the skill to travel here will have craft
enough to hide those things.
leaned back, nodding to himself.
a type of magic all the fair folk share.
Bast threw the final comment out like a
fisherman casting a lure.
Kostrel closed his mouth and swallowed
t fight the line. Didn
What sort of magic can they do?
Bast rolled his eyes dramatically.
s another whole book
Well maybe you should just write a
Kostrel said flatly.
can lend it to me and kill two birds with
The comment seemed to catch Bast off
s what people do when they know
every damn thing, isn
They write it down so they
Bast looked thoughtful for a moment,
then shook his head as if to clear it.
s the bones of what I know.
t think of it as magic. They
never use that term. They
craft. They talk of seeming or shaping.
He looked up at the sun and pursed his
But if they were being frank, and
they are rarely frank, mind you, they
would tell you almost everything they do
is either glammourie or grammarie.
Glammourie is the art of making
something seem. GrammariM
of making something be.
Bast rushed ahead before the boy could
Glammourie is easier. They
can make a thing seem other than it is.
They could make a white shirt seem like
it was blue. Or a torn shirt seem like it
was whole. Most of the folk have at least
a scrap of this art. Enough to hide
themselves from mortal eyes. If their hair
was all of silver-white, their glammourie
could make it look as black as night.
s face was lost in wonder yet
again. But it was nM
ot the gormless, gaping
wonder of before. It was a thoughtful
wonder. A clever wonder, curious and
hungry. It was the sort of wonder that
would steer a boy toward a question that
Bast could see the shape of these things
s dark eyes. His damn
clever eyes. Too clever by half. Soon
those vague wonderings would start to
crystallize into questions like
they make their glammourie?
How might a young boy break
And what then, with a M
hanging in the air? Nothing good would
come of it. To break a promise fairly
made and lie outright was retrograde to
his desire. Even worse to do it in this
place. Far easier to tell the truth,
then make sure something happened
But honestly, he liked the boy. He
t dull, or easy. He wasn
low. He pushed back. He was funny and
grim and hungry and more alive than any
three other people in the town all put
together. He was bright as broken glass
enough to cut himself. And
Bast too, apparently.
Bast rubbed his face. This never used
to happen. He had never been in
conflict with his own desire before he
came here. He hated it. It was so
simply singular before. Want and have.
See and take. Run and chase. Thirst
and slake. And if he were thwarted in
pursuit of his desire... what of it? That
was simply the way of things. The
desire itself was still his, it was still
t like that now. Now his desires
grew complicated. They constantlyM
conflicted with each other. He felt
endlessly turned against himself. Nothing
was simple anymore, he was pulled so
Kostrel said, his head cocked to
the side, concern plain on his face.
Bast smiled an honest smile. He was a
curious boy. Of course. That was the
way. That was the narrow road
I was just thinking.
Grammarie is much harder to explain. I
t say I understand it all that well
Kostrel said kindly.
Whatever you tell me will be more than
t kill this boy. That
would be too hard a thing.
Grammarie is changing a thing,
said, making an inarticulate gesture.
Making it into something different than
Like turning lead into gold?
Is that how they make faerie
Bast made a point of smiling at the
Good guess, but that
s easy, but it doesnM
s why people who take faerie gold
end up with pockets full of stones or
acorns in the morning.
Could they turn gravel into gold?
If they really wanted to?
s not that sort of change,
though he still smiled and nodded at the
s too big. Grammarie is
about... shifting. It
something into more of what it already
s face twisted with confusion.
Bast took a deep breath and let it out
Let me try something
else. What have you got in your
Kostrel rummaged about and held out
his hands. There was a brass button, a
scrap of paper, a stub of pencil, a small
folding knife... and a stone with a hole
Bast slowly passed his hand over the
collection of oddments, eventually
stopping above the knife. It wasn
particularly fine or fancy, just a piece of
smooth wood the size of a finger with a
groove where a short, hinged blade was
ast picked it up delicately between two
fingers and set it down on the ground
Kostrel stuffed the rest of his
belongings into his pocket.
s eyes narrowed suspiciously.
What else could it be?
Bast brought out his own knife. It was a
little larger, and instead of wood, it was
carved from a piece of antler, polished
and beautiful. Bast opened it, and the
bright blade shone in the sun.
Would you trade your knife for mine?
Kostrel eyed the knife jealously. But
t a hint of hesitation
before he shook his head.
Bast said matteroffactly.
Kostrel reached out and picked up his
knife, closing his hand around it
possessively. His face was sullen as a
Before he took the king
e a soldier and save us from the
He looked up at Bast, as if daring
him to say a single word contrary to that.
t look away from him, just
Still clutching the knife, Kostrel
nodded, blinking rapidly.
s more important than other knives.
s not just a seeming,
s something the knife is.
flicker of understanding in
imagine if someone could take a knife
and make it be more of what a knife is.
Make it into the best knife. Not just for
them, but for anyone.
own knife and closed it.
really skilled, they could do it with
something other than a knife. They could
make a fire that was more of what a fire
is. Hungrier. Hotter. Someone truly
powerful could do even more. They could
He trailed off gently,
leaving an open space in the empty air.
Kostrel drew a breath and leapt to fill it
Is that what she did to make Kvothe
Bast nodded seriously, glad for the
question, hating that it had to be that
It seems likely to me. What
does a shadow do? It conceals, it protects.
does the same, but more.
Kostrel was nodding along in
understanding, and Bast pushed on
er to leave this particular
The boy grinned, he seemed to have no
A woman can be a thing of beauty,
She can be a focus of
desire. Felurian is that. Like the knife.
The most beautiful. The focus of the most
desire. For everyone...
statement trail off gently yet again.
s eyes were far away, obviously
giving the matter his full deliberation.
Bast gave him time for it, and after a
ment another question bubbled out of
said Bast, smiling.
the difference between being beautiful
and seeming beautiful?
Kostrel stalled for a moment,
One is real and the other
He sounded certain, but it wasn
reflected in his expression.
be fake. You could tell the
Bast let the question sail by. It was
close, but not quite.
difference between a shirt that looks
white and a shirt that is white?
t the same as a shirt,
Kostrel said with vast disdain.
know if you touched her. If she looked all
soft and rosy like Emberlee, but her hair
Faerie gold feels heavy. And
a glamoured pig would smell like roses
when you kissed it.M
Kostrel reeled visibly at that. The shift
from Emberlee to a glamoured pig
obviously left him feeling more than
slightly appalled. Bast waited a moment
t it be harder to glamour a
And glamouring a pretty girl to be more
t be much work at all. It
like putting icing on a cake.
Kostrel rubbed his cheek thoughtfully.
Can you use glammourie and gM
Bast was more genuinely impressed this
Kostrel nodded to himself.
what Felurian must do,
cream on icing on cake.
He stopped abruptly, his mouth
ve met one of the Fae?
Bast grinned like a beartrap.
This time Kostrel felt the hook and line
both. But it was too late.
You tricked me into asking that.
related to this subject, and I answered it
fully and without equivocation.
Kostrel got to his feet and stormed off,
only to come back a moment later.
Bast reached into his pocket and pulled
out a copper penny.
Emberlee take her bath?
Kostrel glowered furiously, then said,
Out past Oldstone bridge, up toward the
hills about half a mile. There
hollow with an elm tree.
After lunch on the Boggan farm.
After she finishes the washing up and
Bast tossed him the penny, still grinning
I hope your dick falls off,
venomously before stomping back down
t help but laugh. He tried to
do it quietly to spare the boy
t meet with much success.
Kostrel turned at the bottom of the hill,
And you still owe me a
Bast stopped laughing then
as something jogged loose in his
memory. He panicked for a moment
when he realized Celum Tinture wasn
Then he remembered leaving the book
in the tree on top of the bluff and relaxed.
The clear sky showed no sign of rain. It
was safe enough. Besides, it was nearly
noon, perhaps a little past. So he turned
and hurried down the hill, not wanting to
Bast sprinted most of the way to the little
dell, and by the time he arrived he was
a hard-run horse. His shirt
stuck to him unpleasantly, so as he
walked down the sloping bank to the
water, he pulled it off and used it to mop
the sweat from his face.
A long, flat jut of stone pushed out into
Littlecreek there, forming one side of a
calm pool where the stream turned
back on itself. A stand of willow trees
overhung the water, making it private
and shady. The shoreline was
overgrown with thick bushes, and the
water was smooth and calm and clear.
Bare-chested, Bast walked out onto the
rough jut of stone. Dressed, his face and
hands made him look rather lean, but
shirtless his wide shoulders were
surprising, more what you might expect
to see on a field hand, rather than a
shiftless sort that did little more than
lounge around an empty inn all day.
Once he was out of the shadow of the
willows, Bast knelt to dunk his shirt in the
pool. Then he wrung it over his head,
shivering a bit at the chill of it. He rubbed
his chest and arms briskly, shaking drops
of water from his face.
he shirt aside, grabbed the lip of
stone at the edge of the pool, then took a
deep breath and dunked his head. The
motion made the muscles across his back
and shoulders flex. A moment later he
pulled his head out, gasping slightly and
shaking water from his hair.
Bast stood then, slicking back his hair
with both hands. Water streamed down
his chest, making runnels in the dark hair,
trailing down across the flat plane of his
He shook himself off a bit, then stepped
over to dark niche made by a M
of overhanging rock. He felt around for a
moment before pulling out a knob of
butter-colored soap.
He knelt at the edge of the water again,
dunking his shirt several times, then
scrubbing it with the soap. It took a while,
as he had no washing board, and he
t want to chafe his shirt
against the rough stones. He soaped and
rinsed the shirt several times, wringing it
out with his hands, making the muscles in
his arms and shoulders tense and twine.
He did a thorough job, thouM
he was finished, he was completely
soaked and spattered with lather.
Bast spread his shirt out on a sunny
stone to dry. He started to undo his pants,
then stopped and tipped his head on one
side, trying to jog loose water from his
It might be because of the water in his
twittering coming from the bushes that
grew along the shore. A sound that could,
conceivably, be sparrows chattering
among the branches. A flock of sparrows.
moving either? Or note that in among the
hanging foliage of the willow branches
there were colors normally not found in
trees? Sometimes a pale pink, sometimes
blushing red. Sometimes an illconsidered
yellow or a cornflower blue. And while
s true that dresses might come in those
colors... well... so did birds. Finches
and jays. And besides, it was fairly
common knowledge among the young
women of the town that the dark young
man who worked at the inn was M
The sparrows twittered in the bushes as
Bast worked at the drawstring of his pants
again. The knot apparently giving him
some trouble. He fumbled with it for a
while, then grew frustrated and gave a
great, catlike stretch, arms arching over
his head, his body bending like a bow.
Finally he managed to work the knot
loose and shuck free of his pants. He
wore nothing underneath. He tossed them
aside and from the willow came a squawk
of the sort that could have come from a
d. A heron perhaps. Or a crow.
And if a branch shook violently at the
same time, well, perhaps a bird had
leaned too far from its branch and nearly
fell. It certainly stood to reason that some
birds were more clumsy than others. And
besides, at the time Bast was looking the
Bast dove into the water then, splashing
like a boy and gasping at the cold. After
a few minutes he moved to a shallower
portion of the pool where the water rose
to barely reach his narrow waist.
Beneath the water, a careM
might note the young man
somewhat... odd. But it was shady there,
and everyone knows that water bends
light strangely, making things look other
than they are. And besides, birds are not
the most careful of observers, especially
when their attention is focused
An hour or so later, slightly damp and
smelling of sweet honeysuckle soap, Bast
climbed the bluff where he was fairly
was the third bluff he
When he reached the top, Bast relaxed
at the sight of a hawthorn tree. Walking
closer, he saw it was the right tree, the
nook right where he remembered. But the
book was gone. A quick circle of the tree
t fallen to the ground.
Then the wind stirred and Bast saw
something white. He felt a sudden chill,
fearing it was a page torn free from the
book. Few things angered his master like
But no. Reaching up, Bast didn
paper. It was a smoothM
bark. He pulled it down and saw the
letters crudely scratched into the side.
I ned ta tawk ta ewe. Ets
Afternoon: Birds and Bees
With no idea of where he might find
Rike, Bast made his way back to the
lightning tree. He had just settled down in
his usual place when a young girl came
t stop at the greystone and
instead trudged straight up the side of the
hill. She was younger than the others, six
or seven. she wore a bright blue dreM
had deep purple ribbons twining through
her carefully curled hair.
She had never come to the lightning tree
before, but Bast had seen her. Even if he
t, he could have guessed by her fine
clothes and the smell of rosewater that
she was Viette, the mayor
She climbed the low hill slowly,
carrying something furry in the crook of
her arm. When she reached the top of the
hill she stood, slightly fidgety, but still
Bast eyed her quietly for a moment.
She stood, purple ribbons in her hair.
She was obviously slightly scared, but
her lower lip stuck out, defiant. She
The young girl licked her lips and began
to recite in a singsong voice.
taller than the stone.
fallen greystone at the foot of the hill.
Come to blacktree, come alone.
her finger to her lips, miming a shushing
two lines while touching the tree.
The girl blanched a bit at this but
stepped forward and put her hand against
the sun-bleached wood of the long-dead
The girl cleared her throat again, then
paused, her lips moving silently as she
ran through the beginning of the poem
until she found her place again.
s been said, lest the lightning
When she spoke the last word, Viette
gasped and jerked her hand back, as if
something had burned or bitten her
. Her eyes went wide as she looked
down at her fingertips and saw they were
an untouched, healthy pink.
Bast hid a smile behind his hand.
the rules. I keep your secrets and you
keep mine. I can answer questions or help
you solve a problem.
his back against the tree, bringing him to
eye level with the girl.
She held out the tiny puff of white fur
she carried in the crook of her arm. It
Bast took the kitten in his hand and
looked it over. It was a sleepy thing,
almost entirely white. One eye was blue,
slightly surprised.
She nodded seriously.
Bast simply stared at her, nonplussed.
The girl scowled at him.
Bast said. He held out his hand,
took the kitten, thM
en petted it and handed
s daughter narrowed her
Bast blinked at the girl, then laughed.
Why would you believe me the first time
I could tell she was a magic kitten,
Viette said, rolling her eyes in
I just wanted to make sure.
s not wearing a dress. She
t have any ribbons or bows. How
Bast opened his mouth. Then closM
again. This was not some farmer
She had a governess and a whole
closetful of clothes. She didn
time around sheep and pigs and goats.
d never seen a lamb born. She had an
older sister, but no brothers...
d rather not lie. Not
t promised to answer
agreement at all with her. That made
things easier. A great deal easier than
having an angry mayor visit the
Waystone, demanding to know why his
daughter suddenly knew the word
And if it winks at me, I know it
This satisfied Viette, and she nodded
How can I get my father to let
ve already asked him nicely?
Screamed and thrown a fit?
She rolled her eyes and gave an
ve tried all that, or I
First, you have to get some food that will
keep good for a couple days. Biscuits.
Sausage. Apples. Hide it in your room
where nobody will find it. Not even your
governess. Not even the maid. Do you
have a place like that?
The little girl nodded.
Then go ask your daddy one more
time. Be gentle and polite. If he still says
t be angry. Just tell him that you
love the kitten. Say if you can
the little girl said.
second part. Tonight, pick at your
t eat it. Not even the
The little girl started to say
something, but Bast held up a hand.
anyone asks you, just say you
t mention the kitten.
re alone in your room
tonight, eat some of the food you
The little girl looked thoughtful.
t eat your lunch. You
can drink a little water, but just sips. Just
lie in bed. When they ask what
Bast shook his head, his expression
No. That will spoil it. Just say
re tired. If they leave you alone, you
can eat, but be careful. If they catch you,
ll never get your kitten.
The girl was listening intently now, her
brow furrowed in concentration.
offer you more food. Your favorites.
just tired. Just lie there. Don
Can I get up to pee?
tired. No playing. The next day, they
ll bring in a doctor.
ll try to feed you broth. They
everything. At some point your father
will be there, and he
Bast grinned at her.
Just tears. Just lie there and cry. Then say
you miss your kitten so much. You miss
your kitten so much you don
The little girl thought about it for a long
minute, petting her kitten absentmindedly
with one hand. Finally she nodded,
Bast said quickly.
gave you what you wanted. You owe me
The little girl turned around, her
expression an odd mix of surprise and
anxious embarrassment.M
she said, not meeting his
two answers and a way to get your kitten.
You owe me three things. You pay with
gifts and favors. You pay in secrets...
She thought for a moment.
hides his strongbox key inside the
Bast nodded approvingly.
The little girl looked up into the sky,
still petting her kitten.
kissing the maid once.
Bast raised an eyebrow at that.
The girl put her finger in her ear and
How about a favor, then?
need you to fetch me two dozen daisies
with long stems. And a blue ribbon. And
two armfuls of gemlings.
s face puckered in confusion.
Bast said, looking puzzled
Maybe you call them balsams?
They grow wild all over around here,
said, making a wide gesture with both
Bast shook his head.
loose petals, and they
he made a circle with his thumb and
The girl stared at him blankly.
Widow Creel keeps them in her
you touch the seedpods, they pop...
she said, her tone more
than slightly patronizing.
a bunch of those. That
turned to run down the hill.
Bast called out before she
When she spun around, he
What do you say if somebody
She rolled her eyes again.
s none of their tupping business,
Because my daddy is the mayor.
After Viette left, a high whistle made
Bast look down the hill toward the
greystone. There were no children
The whistle came again, and Bast stood,M
stretching long and hard. It would have
surprised most of the young women in
town how easily he spotted the figure
standing in the shadow of the trees at the
edge of the clearing nearly two hundred
Bast sauntered down the hill, across the
grassy field, and into the shadow of the
trees. There was an older boy there with
smudgy face and a pug nose. He was
perhaps twelve and his shirt and pants
were both too small for him, showing too
much dirty wrist at the cuff and bare
ankle below. He was M
slightly sour smell about him.
s voice held none of the
friendly, bantering tone he
bitterly, not meeting Bast
in the ass of nowhere.
I see you have my book,
The boy held it out.
he muttered quickly.
needed to talk to you.
Bast took the book silently.
t even come into the clearing. But
You lied to me, Rike,
demanded angrily, looking up for the first
t I pay for it ten times over?
Ent my life shit enough without having
more shit piled on top of it?
s all beside the point because
Then struggled and took a deep breath,
visibly forcing his temper back under
still come to the tree! I
Those are the rules,
the boy shouted, his
hands making angry fists.
shite little bastard who deserves more of
the belt than he gets!
There was a silence then, broken only
s ragged breathing. Rike
eyes were on the ground, fists clenched at
his sides, he was shaking.
s eyes narrowed ever so slightly.
Just one favor just this once.
Bast drew a deep breath and let it out as
He was still shaking,
but Bast realized the boy
the ground, he took a hesitant step
reached out and just M
hung there aimlessly,
t know what to do with it.
Finally he caught hold of Bast
shirtsleeve and tugged it once, feebly,
before letting his hand fall back to his
t fix this on my own.
looked up, eyes full of tears. His face was
twisted in a knot of anger and fear. A boy
too young to keep from crying, but still
old enough so that he couldn
hate himself for doing it.
I need you to get rid of my da,
could stick him while he
ma would find out. He drinks and hits at
her. And she cries all the time and then he
Rike was looking at the ground again,
the words pouring out of him in a gush.
could get him when he
d find the body and then
the azzie would get me. I couldn
my ma in the eye then. Not if she knew. I
t think what that would do to her, if
the sort of person that
would kill his own da.
He looked up then, his face furious, eyes
d kill him. You just got to tell me
There was a moment of quiet.
They went down to the stream where they
could have a drink and Rike could wash
his face and collect himself a little bit.
s face was cleaner, Bast
noted not all the smudginess was dirt. It
was easy to make the mistake, as the
summer sun had tanned him a rich nutM
brown. Even after he was clean it was
hard to tell they were the faint remains of
But rumor or no, Bast
sharp. Cheek and jaw. A darkness all
around one skinny wrist. And when he
bent to take a drink from the stream, Bast
Bast said as they sat beside the
What exactly do you want? Do
you want to kill him, or do you just want
If he was just gone, I
Rike said, then was quiet for a bit.
He went gone two span once.
That was a good time, just
me and my ma. It was like my birthday
every day when I woke up and he wasn
there. I never knew my ma could sing...
The boy went quiet again.
d fallen somewhere drunk and finally
broke his neck. But he
year of furs for drinking money. He
been in his trapping shack, all
stupordrunk for half a month, not hardly
The boy shook his head, more firmly
No, if he goes, he won
I can figure out the how,
s what I do. But you need to tell me
what you really want.
Rike sat for a long while, jaw clenching
The word seemed to catch in his throat.
So long as he stays gone forever. If you
Rike looked at his hands for a long time.
him. But that sort of
thing ent right. I don
t want to be that sort
of man. A fellow shouldn
I could do it for you,
Rike sat for a while, then shook his
s the same thing, innit? Either
s me. And if it were me, it would
be more honest if I did it with my hands
rather than do it with my mouth.
Bast sighed and looked up at the sun. He
turning wheels of his desire did not come
grinding to a halt because some farmer
drank too much. Emberlee would be
taking her bath soon. He was supposed to
t owe the boy a thing, either.
Quite the opposite. The boy had lied to
him. Broken his promise. And while Bast
had settled that account so firmly that no
other child in town would ever dream of
crossing him like that again... it was still
galling to remember. The thought of
helping him now, despite that, itM
quite the opposite of his desire.
getting worse. I can run off, but ma can
Bast cut him off, waving
talking about ribbons and buttons here.
Think how much you want this. Think
what you owe me. Plus some for soon.
He stared hard at the boy.
Rike was a little pale now, but he
nodded without looking away.
have what you like of mine,
t already drank away.
be nothing of hers. I promise.
Rike took a deep breath, then gave a
Okay. Where do we start?
Bast pointed at the stream. M
stone with a hole in it and bring it to me.
Rike gave Bast an odd look.
Bast said with such
scathing mockery that Rike flushed with
Bast gave the boy a look.
you want my help or not?
Rike said in a small voice.
Then I want a river stone.
pointed back at the stream.
be the one to find it,
e else. And you need to find it dry
Bast clapped his hands
Rike left and Bast returned to the
lightning tree. No children were waiting
to talk to him, so he idled the time away.
He skipped stones in the nearby stream
and flipped through Celum Tinture,
glancing at some of the illustrations.
Calcification. Titration. Sublimation.
Brann, happily unbirched with one hand
bandaged, brought him two sweet buns
wrapped in a white handkercM
the first and set the second aside.
Viette brought armloads of flowers and
a fine blue ribbon. Bast wove the daisies
into a crown, threading the ribbon
Then, looking up at the sun, he saw that
it was nearly time, Bast removed his shirt
and filled it with the wealth of yellow and
red touch-me-nots Viette had brought
him. He added the handkerchief and
crown, then fetched a stick and made a
bindle so he could carry the lot more
He headed out past the Oldstone briM
then up toward the hills and around a
bluff until he found the place Kostrel had
described. It was cleverly hidden away,
and the stream curved and eddied into a
lovely little pool perfect for a private
Bast sat behind some bushes, and after
nearly half an hour of waiting he had
fallen into a doze. The sharp crackle of a
twig and a scrap of an idle song roused
him, and he peered down to see a young
woman making her careful way down the
steep hillside to the water
upstream, carrying his bundle. Two
minutes later he was kneeling on the
grassy waterside with the pile of flowers
He picked up a yellow blossom and
breathed on it gently. As his breath
brushed the petals, its color faded and
changed into a delicate blue. He dropped
it and the current carried it slowly
Bast gathered up a handful of posies,
red and orange, and breathed on them
again. They too shifted and changed until
they were a pale and vibrant blue. He
them onto the surface of the
stream. He did this twice more until there
were no flowers left.
Then, picking up the handkerchief and
daisy crown, he sprinted back
downstream to the cozy little hollow with
d moved quickly enough that
Emberlee was just coming to the edge of
Softly, silently, he crept up to the
spreading elm. Even with one hand
carrying the handkerchief and crown, he
went up the side as nimbly as a squirrel.
Bast lay along a low branch, sheltered
ing fast but not hard.
Emberlee was removing her stockings
and setting them carefully on a nearby
hedge. Her hair was a burnished golden
red, falling in lazy curls. Her face was
sweet and round, a lovely shade of pale
Bast grinned as he watched her look
around, first left, then right. Then she
began to unlace her bodice. Her dress was
a pale cornflower blue, edged with
yellow, and when she spread it on the
hedge, it flared and splayed out like the
wing of a great bird. Perhaps some
combination of a finch and a jay.
Dressed only in her white shift,
Emberlee looked around again: left, then
right. Then she shimmied free of it, a
fascinating motion. She tossed the shift
aside and stood there, naked as the moon.
Her creamy skin was amazing with
freckle. Her hips wide and lovely. The
tips of her breasts were brushed with the
She scampered into the water. Making a
series of small, dismayed cries at the chill
of it. They were, on consideration, not
really similar to a raM
they could, perhaps, be slightly like a
Emberlee washed herself a bit,
splashing and shivering. She soaped
herself, dunked her head in the river, and
came up gasping. Wet, her hair became
the color of ripe cherries.
It was then that the first of the blue
touch-me-nots arrived, drifting on the
water. She glanced at it curiously as it
floated by and began to lather soap into
More flowers followed. They came
downstream and made circles around her,
e slow eddy of the pool.
She looked at them, amazed. Then sieved
a double handful from the water and
brought them to her face, drawing a deep
breath to smell them.
She laughed delightedly and dunked
under the surface, coming up in the
middle of the flowers, the water sluiced
her pale skin, running over her naked
breasts. Blossoms clung to her, as if
reluctant to let go.
That was when Bast fell out of the tree.
There was a brief, mad scrabbling of
fingers against bark, a bit of a yelp, then
ground like a sack of suet. He
lay on his back in the grass and let out a
low, miserable groan.
He heard a splashing, and then
Emberlee appeared above him. She held
her white shift in front of her. Bast looked
up from where he lay in the tall grass.
d been lucky to land on that patch of
springy turf, cushioned with tall, green
grass. A few feet to one side, and he
have broken himself against the rocks.
Five feet the other way and he would
have been wallowing in mud.
Emberlee knelt beside him, M
pale, her hair dark. One posy clung to her
it was the same color as her eyes,
a pale and vibrant blue.
Bast said happily as he gazed up
at her. His eyes were slightly dazed.
re so much lovelier than I
He lifted a hand as if to brush her cheek,
only to find it holding the crown and
knotted handkerchief.
daisies too. And a sweet bun.
she said, taking the daisy
th hands. She had to let go
of her shift to do this. It fell lightly to the
Bast blinked, momentarily at a loss for
Emberlee tilted her head to look at the
crown; the ribbon was a striking
cornflower blue, but it was nothing near
as lovely as her eyes. She lifted it with
both hands and settled it proudly on her
head. Her arms still raised, she drew a
s eyes slipped from her crown.
She smiled at him indulgently.
Bast drew a breath to speak, then
stopped and drew anothM
Did you steal my soap?
Emberlee laughed and kissed him.
A good while later, Bast took the long
way back to the lightning tree, making a
wide loop up into the hills north of town.
Things were rockier up that way, no
ground flat enough to plant, the terrain
too treacherous for grazing.
s directions, it took
Bast a while to find Martin
to give the crazy old bastard credit
though. Between the brambles,
ockslides, and fallen trees, there wasn
a chance he would have stumbled onto it
accidentally, tucked back into a shallow
cave in a scrubby little box valley.
contraption bunged together out of old
pots and twisted wire, either. It was a
work of art. There were barrels and basins
and great spirals of copper tube. A great
copper kettle twice the size of a washbin,
and a smolder-stove for warming it. A
wooden trough ran all along the ceiling,
and only after following itM
Bast realize Martin collected rainwater
and brought it inside to fill his cooling
Looking it over, Bast had the sudden
urge to flip through Celum Tinture and
learn what all the different pieces of the
still were called, what they were for. Only
then did he realize he
d left the book back
at the lightning tree.
So instead Bast rooted around until he
found a box filled with a mad miscellany
of containers: two dozen bottles of all
sorts, clay jugs, old canning jars... A
hem were full. None of them
were labeled in any way.
Bast lifted out a tall bottle that had
obviously once held wine. He pulled the
cork, sniffed it gingerly, then took a
careful sip. His face bloomed into a
sunrise of delight. He
turpentine, but this was... well... he
t sure entirely. He took another
drink. There was something of apples
about it, and... barley?
Bast took a third drink, grinning.
Whatever you care to call it, it was lovely.
Smooth and strong and just a little sM
Martin might mad as a badger, but he
clearly knew his liquor.
It was better than an hour before Bast
made it back to the lightning tree. Rike
t returned, but Celum Tinture was
sitting there unharmed. For the first time
he could remember, he was glad to see
the book. He flipped it open to the chapter
on distillation and read for half an hour,
nodding to himself at various points. It
was called a condensate coil. He
thought it looked important.
Eventually he closed the book and
There were a few clouds rolling
in, and no good could come of leaving the
book unattended again. His luck
t last forever, and he shuddered
to think what would happen if the wind
tumbled the book into the grass and tore
the pages. If there was a sudden rain...
So Bast wandered back to the Waystone
Inn and slipped silently through the back
door. Stepping carefully, he opened a
cupboard and tucked the book inside. He
made his silent way halfway back to the
door before he heard footsteps behind
the innkeeper said.
Have you brought the carrots?
Bast froze, caught awkwardly
midsneak. He straightened up and
brushed self-consciously at his clothes.
t quite got round to that
The innkeeper gave a deep sigh.
He stopped and sniffed, then
eyed the dark-haired man narrowly.
Are you drunk, Bast?
Bast looked affronted.
The innkeeper rolled his eyes.
then, have you been drinking?
emphasizing the word.
Crazy Martin runs a still?
the innkeeper said, his tone
making it clear he didn
information to be particularly thrilling.
t crazy. He just has a
handful of unfortunately strong affect
compulsions. And a touch of tabard
madness from when he was a soldier.
know, because he set his dog on me and
when I climbed a tree to get away, he
chop the tree down. But also,
aside from those things, he
Reshi. Really, really crazy.
The innkeeper gave him a
t like him. But trust me.
I know crazy. His head isn
like a normal person
The innkeeper gave an agreeable if
slightly impatient nod.
Bast opened his mouth, then looked
What were we talking
the innkeeper said, glancing out the
Despite the fact that it is
Bast said excitedly.
s been running a tab for the
better part of a year now. And I know
ve had trouble settling up because he
Same difference, Reshi,
t change the fact that we
t need another sack of barley. ThM
pantry is choking on barley. But since he
The innkeeper was already shaking his
poisoning my customers with hillwine.
You have no idea what ends up in that
But I do know, Reshi,
Ethel acetates and methans.
The innkeeper blinked, obviously taken
Did... Have you actually been
reading Celum Tinture?
betterment of my education and my
desire to not poison folk. I tasted some,
Reshi, and I can say with some authority
that Martin is not making hillwine. It
s halfway to Rhis, and
s not something I say lightly.
The innkeeper stroked his upper lip
Where did you get some to
skirting the edges of the truth.
would it give Martin a chance to settleM
tab. But it would help us get some new
s harder, the roads as bad
The innkeeper held up both hands
m already convinced,
Bast grinned happily.
Honestly, I would have done it merely
to celebrate you reading your lesson for
once. But it will be nice for Martin, too.
It will give him an excuse to come by
more often. It will be good for him.
s smile faded a bit.
If the innkeeper noticed, he didn
s and ask him to come by with a
cold at night. Winter
The innkeeper smiled.
Bast paled at that.
By all the gorse no,
he said, waving his hands in front
of himself and taking a step backwards.
ll be drinking it. He
The innkeeper hid a smile behind his
He throws rocks at me.
the innkeeper pointed
Martin has been perfectly cordial to
you the last several times he
s been civil for almost a
year. Polite even. Remember he
apologized to you two months back?
Have you heard of Martin ever
apologizing to anyone else in town?
he innkeeper nodded.
s turning a new leaf.
Bast muttered, moving
toward the back door.
when I get home tonight, I
dinner in the kitchen.
Rike caught up with Bast before he even
made it to the clearing, let alone the
the boy said, holding up his
hand triumphantly. The entire lower half
of his body was dripping wet.
The boy nodded and flourisheM
stone between two fingers. It was flat and
smooth and round, slightly bigger than a
Bast stroked his chin for a moment, as if
trying to remember.
needle. But it has to be borrowed from a
house where no men live.
Rike looked thoughtful for a moment,
I can get one from Aunt
Bast fought the urge to curse. He
forgotten about Sellie.
he said, reluctantly,
but it will work best
omes from a house with a
lot of women living in it. The more
Rike looked up for another moment.
Widow Creel then. She
A house where no men or boys live.
But where a lot of girls live...
said. He had to think about it for a long
have to borrow it. You can
buy it. She has to lend it to you.
Bast had half expected the boy to grouse
about the particulars, about the fact that
Old Nan lived all the way off on the other
side of town, about as far west as you
could go and still be considered part of
the town. It would take him half an hour
to get there, and even then, Old Nan
t so much as sigh. He just
nodded seriously, turned, and took off at
a sprint, bare feet flying.
Bast continued to the lightning tree, buM
when he came to the clearing he saw an
entire tangle of children playing on the
greystone, doubtless waiting for him.
Watching them from the shadow of the
trees at the edge of the clearing, Bast
hesitated, then glanced up at the sun
before slipping back into the woods. He
had other fish to fry.
The Williams farm wasn
proper sense. Not for decades. The fields
had gone fallow so long ago that they
were barely recognizable as such, spotted
with brambles and sapling treesM
barn had fallen into disrepair and half the
roof gaped open to the sky.
Walking up the long path through the
fields, Bast turned a corner and saw
s house. It told a different story
than the barn. It was small but tidy.
The shingles needed some repair, but
other than that, it looked well loved
and tended-to. Yellow curtains were
blowing out the kitchen window, and
there was flower box spilling over with
fox fiddle and marigold.
There was a pen with a trio of goats on
welltended garden on the other. It was
fenced thickly with lashed-together
sticks, but Bast could see straight lines of
flourishing greenery inside. Carrots. He
still needed carrots.
Craning his neck a bit, Bast saw several
large, square boxes behind the house. He
took a few more steps to the side and eyed
them before he realized they were
Just then there was a great storm of
barking and two great black, floppyeared
dogs came bounding from the house
toward Bast, baying for M
worth. When they came close enough,
Bast got down on one knee and wrestled
with them playfully, scratching their ears
and the ruff of their necks.
After a few minutes of this, Bast
continued to the house, the dogs weaving
back and forth in front of him before they
spotted some sort of animal and tore off
into the underbrush. He knocked politely
at the front door, though after all the
barking his presence could hardly be a
The door opened a couple inches, and
for a moment all BaM
slender slice of darkness. Then the door
opened a little wider, revealing Rike
mother. She was tall, and her curling
brown hair was springing loose from the
braid that hung down her back.
She swung the door fully open, holding
a tiny, half-naked baby in the curve of her
arm. Its round face was pressed into her
breast and it was sucking busily, making
small grunting noises.
Glancing down, Bast smiled warmly.
The woman looked fondly down at her
child, then favored Bast with a tiredM
Hello Bast, what can I do for
he said awkwardly, pulling
his gaze up to meet her eye.
Nettie is fine, Bast,
indulgently. More than a few of the
townfolk considered Bast somewhat
simple in the head, a fact that Bast didn
Bast said, smiling his most
There was a pause, and she leaned
against the doorframe. A little girl peeked
skirt, nothing more than a pair of serious
Bast smiled at the girl, who disappeared
back behind her mother.
Nettie looked at Bast expectantly.
Finally she prompted.
if your husband happened to be about.
Bast said, disappointed.
be back anytime soon? I
his lines then spend the night skinning
and drying up in his shack.
vaguely toward the northern hills.
Nestled snugly in her mother
baby drew a deep breath, then sighed it
out blissfully, going quiet and limp.
Nettie looked down, then up at Bast,
holding a finger to her lips.
Bast nodded and stepped back from the
doorway, watching as Nettie stepped
inside, deftly detached the sleeping baby
from her nipple with her freM
carefully tucked the child into a small
wooden cradle on the floor. The darkeyed
girl emerged from behind her mother and
went to peer down at the baby.
Call me if she starts to fuss,
said softly. The little girl nodded
seriously, sat down on a nearby chair, and
began to gently rock the cradle with her
Nettie stepped outside, closing the door
behind her. She walked the few steps
necessary to join Bast, rearranging her
bodice unself-consciously. In the sunlight
ed her high cheekbones and
generous mouth. Even so, she was more
tired than pretty, her dark eyes heavy with
The tall woman crossed her arms over
Bast looked confused.
I was wondering if your husband
Nettie uncrossed her arms, looking
t much for me to do at the
Bast said a little sheepishly.
thought your husband might need an
Nettie looked around, eyes brushing
over the old barn. Her mouth tugging
down at the corners.
for the most part these days,
Keeps him busy, but not so much that
d need help, I imagine.
mention of wanting any.
giving his most charming smile.
anything around the place you could use
Nettie smiled at Bast indulgently. It was
all smile, but it stripped ten
years and half a world of worry off her
face, making her practically shine with
said apologetically.
and my boy minds them.
afraid to work up a sweat. And it has to
be hard getting by with your gentleman
gone for days on end...
I just want some carrM
Nettie looked at him for a minute, then
burst out laughing.
rubbing at her face.
sounding very sure of his answer at all.
She laughed again, shaking her head a
Okay. You can split some
She pointed to the chopping
block that stood in back of the house.
ll come get you when you
Bast set to work eagerly, and soon the
yard was full of the crisM
of splitting wood. The sun was still strong
in the sky, and after just a few minutes
Bast was covered in a sheen of sweat. He
carelessly peeled away his shirt and hung
it on the nearby garden fence.
There was something different about the
way he split the wood. Nothing dramatic.
In fact he split wood the same way
everyone did: you set the log upright, you
swing the axe, you split the wood. There
t much room to extemporize.
But still, there was a difference in the
upright, he moved intently. Then he
would stand for a tiny moment,
perfectly still. Then came the swing. It
was a fluid thing. The placement of his
feet, the play of the long muscles in his
There was nothing exaggerated.
Nothing like a flourish. Even so, when he
brought the axe up and over in a perfect
arc, there was a grace to it. The sharp
cough the wood made as it split, the
sudden way the halves went tumbling to
the ground. He made it all look somehow...
He worked a hard half hour, at which
time Nettie came out of the house,
carrying a glass of water and a handful of
fat carrots with the loose greens still
Bast took the glass of water, drank half
of it, then bent over and poured the rest
over his head. He shook himself off a bit,
then stood back up, his dark hair curling
and clinging to his face.
s nothing else you could use a hM
he asked, giving her an easy grin.
His eyes were dark and smiling and bluer
Nettie shook her head. Her hair was out
of her braid now, and when she looked
down, the loose curls of it fell partly
m a dab hand with honey, too,
said, hoisting the axe to rest against his
She looked a little puzzled at that until
Bast nodded toward the wooden hives
scattered through the overgrown field.
she said, as if remembering a
halfforgotten dream.
candles and honey. But we lost a few
hives to that bad winter three years back.
Then one to nits. Then there was that wet
spring and three more went down with
the chalk before we even knew.
Early this summer we sold
one to the Hestles so we
She shook her head again, as if she
been daydreaming. She shrugged and
turned back to look at Bast.
t hard to handle. They just need
patience and gentleness.
swung the axe so it stuck in the nearby
re the same as everything
else, really. They just want to know
Nettie was looking out at the field,
nodding along with Bast
Enough for a few candles.
A little honey. Not much. Hardly worth
little sweetness is all any of us have
s always worth it. Even if it
Nettie turned to look at him. She met his
eyes now. Not speaking, but not looking
away either. Her eyes were like an open
Bast smiled, gentle and patient, his
voice was warm and sweet as honey. He
I have something to show you.
The sun was starting to sink toward the
western trees by the time Bast returned to
g tree. He was limping
slightly, and he had dirt in his hair, but he
seemed to be in good spirits.
There were two children at the bottom
of the hill, sitting on the greystone and
swinging their feet as if it were a huge
stone bench. Bast didn
to sit down before they came up the hill
It was Wilk, a serious boy of ten with
shaggy blond hair. At his side was his
little sister Pem, half his age with three
The boy nodded at Bast as he came to
l, then he looked down.
Bast looked down at his hand and was
surprised to see a few dark streaks of
blood dripping down the side of it. He
brought out his handkerchief and daubed
I was attacked by a bear,
The boy nodded, giving no indication of
whether or not he believed it was true.
need a riddle that will stump Tessa,
You smell like granda,
as she came up to stand beside her
Wilk ignored her. Bast did the same.
trade you. A favor for a riddle.
You smell like granda when he
It has to be a good one though,
Show me something that
seen before and will never be seen again,
Granda says he feels loads better M
Pem said, louder, plainly
irritated at being ignored.
s not medicine. She says he
bottle. And granda says he feels loads
s medicine by dammit.
looked back and forth between Bast and
Wilk, as if daring them to scold her.
Neither of them did. She looked a little
Bast gave a slow grin.
Wilk cocked his headM
already said. A favor.
I traded you the riddle for a favor,
Wilk looked confused for half a
moment, then his face went red and
angry. He drew a deep breath as if he
were going to shout. Then seemed to
think better of it and stormed down the
hill, stomping his feet.
His sister watched him go, then turned
Your shirt is ripped,
said disapprovingly.
grass stains on yourM
going to give you a hiding.
m all grown, and I can do
whatever I want with my pants. I could
light them on fire and I wouldn
The little girl stared at him with
Wilk stomped back up the hill.
Bast said. He handed
the boy a small bottle with a cork in the
I need you to fill this up with water
Naturally falling water,
t dip it out of a barrel or a
stream. You have to catch it while it
Water falls out of a pump when you
Wilk said without any real
Naturally falling water,
again, stressing the first word.
good if someone just stands on a chair
and pours it out of a bucket.
What do you need it for?
in her little piping voice.
What will you trade me for the answer
The little girl went pale and slapped one
hand across her mouth.
It might not rain for days,
Pem gave a gusty sigh.
his sister said, her voice
dripping with condescension.
could just go to the waterfall by
Littlecliff and fill the bottle there.
Bast grinned at her.
She rolled her eyes,
ht out something from his
pocket and held it. It was a green
cornhusk wrapped around a daub of
sticky honeycomb. The little girl
lit up when she saw it.
I also need twenty-one perfect acorns,
No holes, with all their little hats
intact. If you gather them for me over by
She nodded eagerly. Then both she and
her brother hurried down the hill.
Bast went back down to the pool by the
spreading willow and took another bath.
sual bathing time, so there
were no birds waiting, and as a result the
bath was much more matter-of-fact than
He quickly rinsed himself clean of
sweat and honey and he daubed a bit at
his clothes too, scrubbing to get rid of the
grass stains and the smell of whiskey. The
cold water stung the cuts on his knuckles
a bit, but they were nothing serious and
would mend well enough on their own.
Naked and dripping, he pulled himself
from the pool and found a dark rock, hot
from the long day of sun. HeM
clothes over it and let them bake dry
while he shook his hair dry and stripped
the water from his arms and chest with his
Then he made his way back to the
lightning tree, picked a long piece of
grass to chew on, and almost immediately
fell asleep in the golden afternoon
Hours later, the evening shadows
stretched to cover Bast, and he shivered
He sat up, rubbing his face and looking
around blearily. The sun was just
beginning to brush tM
he tops of the western
trees. Wilk and Pem hadn
that was hardly a surprise. He ate the
piece of honeycomb he
licking his fingers slowly. Then he
chewed the wax idly and watched a pair
of hawks turn lazy circles in the sky.
Eventually he heard a whistle from the
trees. He got to his feet and stretched, his
body bending like a bow. Then he
sprinted down the hill... except, in the
fading light it didn
If he were a boy of ten, it would have
looked like skipping. But he was no boy.
If he were a goat, it would have looked
like he were prancing. But he was no
goat. A man headed down the hill that
quickly, it would have looked like he
But there was something odd about
s motion in the fading light.
Something hard to describe. He almost
looked like he were... what?
Frolicking? Dancing?
Small matter. Suffice to say that he
quickly made his way to the edge of the
clearing where Rike stood in the growing
dark beneath the treM
the boy said triumphantly,
he held up his hand, but the needle was
invisible in the dark.
traded or bargained for it?
The two of them walked over to the
greystone, Rike following wordlessly
when Bast climbed up one side of the
half-fallen stone. The sunlight was still
strong there, and both of them had plenty
of space to stand on the broad back of the
tilted greystone. Rike looked M
anxiously, as if worried someone might
Rike dug into his pocket and held it out
Bast pulled his hand back suddenly, as
if the boy had tried to hand him a glowing
not for me. The charm is only going to
work for one person. Do
you want that to be me?
The boy brought his hand back and
s the way of charms,
y only work for one person at a
plainly on his face, Bast sighed.
know how some girls make come-hither
charms, hoping to catch a boy
Rike nodded, blushing a little.
This is the opposite,
go-thither charm. You
your finger, get a drop of your blood on
it, and that will seal it. It will make things
Rike looked down at the stone.
You can just keep it in your
pocket, or you can get a piece of cord
It will make my da leave?
re his blood. So it will push him
away more strongly than anything else.
ll probably want to hang it around
looking at the stone thoughtfully.
Would it make a bear leave me alone?
Bast made a back-and-forth motion with
Wild things are different,
re possessed of pure desire.
you. They usually want food, or safety. A
Can I give it to my mum?
interrupted again, looking up at Bast. His
... want to protect its terr... What?
Bast stumbled to a halt.
My mum should have it,
What if I was off away with the charm
and my da came back?
s going farther away than that,
Bast said, his voice tM
hick with certainty.
ll be hiding around the
corner at the smithy...
s face was set now, his pug nose
making him seem all the more stubborn.
s important. She has to take care of
Tess and little Bip.
It will work just fine
s got to be for HER!
his hand making a fist around the stone.
You said it could be for one person, so
you make it be for her!
Bast scowled at the boy darkly.
asked me to make your da go away. And
Bast said, absentmindedly
rubbing his thumb across the knuckles of
ll go far away. You have
Rike said, his face going red and
What if sending him isn
enough? What if I grow up like my da? I
His voice choked off, and his
I know it. I know better than anyone. Like
you said. I got his blood in me. She needs
to be safe from me. If I grow up twisted
up and bad, she needs the charm to... she
needs something to make me go a
Rike clenched his teeth, unable to
Bast reached out and took hold of the
s shoulder. He was stiff and rigid
as a plank of wood, but Bast gathered
him in and put his arms around his
shoulders. Gently, because he had seen
s back. They stood therM
long moment, Rike stiff and tight as a
bowstring, trembling like a sail tight
boy. Do you know that?
The boy bent then, sagged against Bast
and seemed like he would break himself
apart with sobbing. His face was pressed
s stomach and he said
something, but it was muffled and
disjointed. Bast made a soft crooning
sound of the sort you
horse or soothe a hive of restless bees.
The storm passed, andM
quickly away and scrubbed at his face
roughly with his sleeve. The sky was just
starting to tinge red with sunset.
make it for your mother. You
give it to her. River stone works best if
Rike nodded, not looking up.
Bast blinked, confused.
because you gave it to her,
s mouth, then hesitated
and closed it again. He looked up and saw
the first of twilight
looked down at the boy. He sighed. He
So much was so easy. Glamour was
second nature. It was just making folk see
what they wanted to see. Fooling folk was
simple as singing. Tricking folk and
telling lies, it was like breathing.
But this? Convincing someone of the
truth that they were too twisted to see?
How could you even begin?
It was baffling. These creatures. They
re fraught and frayed in their desire. A
snake would never poison itself, but these
folk made an art of it. They wrapped
themselves in fears and wept at being
blind. It was infuriating. It was enough to
So Bast took the easy way.
her, you have to tell her that you made it
for her because you love her.
The boy looked uncomfortable, as if he
were trying to swallow a stone.
s essential for the magic,
And then, if you want to make
the magic stronger, you need to tell her
every day. Once in the morning and once
The boy nodded, a determined look on
Okay. I can do that.
Rike did just that. He jabbed his stubby
finger and let a bead of blood well up then
fall onto the stone.
Bast said, sitting down across
Now give me the needle.
Rike handed over the needle.
t tell me what I said,
Hold the stone flat so that the
Bast said, and pricked
his own finger. A slow bead of blood
Rike braced the stone with his other
Bast turned his finger, and the drop of
blood hung in the air for a moment before
falling straight through the hole to strike
the greystone underneath.
There was no sound. No stirring in the
air. No distant thunder.M
seemed there was a half second of perfect
brick-heavy silence in the air. But it was
probably nothing more than a brief pause
Rike asked after a moment,
clearly expecting something more.
Bast said, licking the blood from
his finger with a red, red tongue. Then he
worked his mouth a little and spat out the
wax he had been chewing. He rolled it
between his fingers and handed it to the
Rub this into the stone, then take it
e highest hill you can find.
Stay there until the last of the sunset
fades, and then give to her tonight.
s eyes darted around the horizon,
looking for a good hill. Then he leapt
from the stone and sprinted off.
Bast was halfway back to the Waystone
Inn when he realized he had no idea
where his carrots were.
When Bast came in the back door, he
could smell bread and beer and
simmering stew. Looking around the
kitchen he saw crumbs on the breadboard
and the lid was off the kettle. Dinner had
Stepping softly, he peered through the
door into the common room. The usual
folk sat hunched at the bar, there was Old
Cob and Graham, scraping their bowls.
s prentice was running bread
along the inside of his bowl, then stuffing
it into his mouth a piece at time. Jake
spread butter on the last slice of bread,
and Shep knocked his empty mug politely
against the bar, the hollow sound a
Bast bustled through the doorway with
a fresh bowl of stew for the M
prentice as the innkeeper poured Shep
more beer. Collecting the empty bowl,
Bast disappeared back into the kitchen,
then he came back with another loaf of
bread half-sliced and steaming.
Guess what I caught wind of today?
Old Cob said with the grin of a man who
knew he had the freshest news at the
The boy asked around
half a mouthful of stew.
Cob reached out and took the heel of the
bread, a right he claimed as the oldest
person there, despite the fact that M
t actually the oldest, and the fact
that nobody else much cared for the heel.
Bast suspected he took it because he was
proud he still had so many teeth left.
boy, then slowly slathered his bread with
butter and took a big bite.
s something about Jessom
Jake said blithely.
Old Cob glared at him, his mouth full of
Jake drawled slowly,
smiling as Old Cob tried furiously chew
was that Jessom was out
running his traplines and he got jumped
by a cougar. Then while he was legging it
away, he lost track of hisself and went
right over Littlecliff. Busted himself up
Old Cob finally managed to swallow.
re thick as a post, Jacob Walker.
t what happened at all. He fell
off Littlecliff, but there weren
t going to attack a full-grown
s all smelling of blood,
account of the fact that he was baggin
There was a muttering of agreement at
this, which obviously irritated Old Cob.
was drunk off his feet. That
heard. Stumbling-lost drunk. That
Cause Littlecliff ent
nowhere near his trapline. Unless you
think a cougar chased him for almost a
Old Cob sat back in his chair then, smug
as a judge. Everyone knew Jessom was a
a drinker. And while Littlecliff
t really a mile from the Williams
land, it was too far to be chased by a
Jake glared venomously at Old Cob, but
before he could say anything Graham
I heard it was drink too. A
couple kids found him while they were
playing by the falls. They thought he was
dead, and ran to fetch the constable. But
he was just head-struck and drunk as a
lord. There was all manner of broken
glass too. He was cut him up some.
Old Cob threw his hands up inM
scowling back and forth between Graham
Any other parts of my story
d like to tell afore I
Graham looked taken aback.
talking to a simpleton.
out slow. I swear. What you folk don
stories would fit into a
A tense silence settled among the
I got some news too,
rentice said almost shyly. He sat slightly
hunched at the bar, as if embarrassed at
being a head taller than everyone else and
twice as broad across
have to ask. Those two just been
gnawing on each other for years. They
t mean anything by it.
Well I was doing shoes,
when Crazy Martin came in.
boy shook his head in amazement and
took a long drink of beer.
seen him a few times in town, and I forgot
how big he is. I don
t have to look up to
see him. But I still think he
And today he looked even bigger still
cause he was furious. He was spittin
nails. I swear. He looked like someone
had tied two angry bulls together and
made them wear a shirt!
laughed the easy laugh of someone who
had a little more beer than he
Shep said gently, giving him aM
came asking Master Ferris if he had
enough copper to mend a big kettle.
prentice spread his long arms out wide,
one hand almost smacking Shep in the
Apparently someone found Martin
forward, wobbling slightly, and said in
Stole a bunch of his drink
and wrecked up the place a bit.
The boy leaned back in his chair and
crossed his arms proudly across his chest,
But there was none of the buzz that
normally accompanied a piece of good
gossip. He took another drink of beer, and
slowly began to look confused.
Graham said, his face
the prentice said.
tried to cuff the boy on the back of his
head and had to settle for his shoulder
The fellow who got skunk
drunk in the middle of the day and fell off
g a bunch of bottles?
I thought it was a cougar,
ll wish it was ten cougars when
s addled, sure, but he
t mean. A couple span ago he
cornered me and talked bollocks about
barley for two hours.
About how it was healthful. How wheat
would ruin a man. How money was dirty.
How it chained you to the earth or some
ntice dropped his voice and
hunched his shoulders a bit, widening his
eyes and doing a passable Crazy Martin
his voice rough and darting his eyes
Yeah. You know. You hear what
The prentice laughed again, rocking
back on his stool. He had obviously had a
little more beer than was good for him.
People think they have to be afraid of
big folk, but they don
Everyone just stared at him. TheirM
were deadly earnest.
Martin killed one of Ensal
middle of market. Threw a shovel like it
was a spear. Then gave it a kicking.
Nearly killed that last priest,
The one before Abbe Leodin.
Nobody knows why. Fellow went up to
s house. That evening Martin
brought him to town in a wheelbarrow
and left him in front of the church.
before your time though. MaM
Punched a tinker once,
the innkeeper burst
Cob looked like he was going to call
Jake out again, then decided to take a
his full rail in the king
ck mad as a frothing dog,
Old Cob was already off his stool and
halfway to the door.
got to let Jessom know. If he can get out
of town until Martin cools down a bit...
Remember when he threw a
horse through the window of the old inn
because the barman wouldn
the innkeeper repeated,
sounding no less shocked than before.
Silence descended at the sound of
landing. Everyone eyed
the door and went still as stone, except for
Bast, who slowly edged toward the
doorway to the kitchen.
Everyone breathed a huge sigh of relief
when the door opened to reveal the tall,
slim shape of Carter. He closed the door
behind him, not noticing the tension in
of bottle whiskey for everyone tonight?
he called out cheerfully, then stopped
where he stood, confused by the roomful
of grim expressions.
Old Cob started to walk to the M
again, motioning for his friend to follow.
ve got to find Jessom double
ll have a long ride to find him,
I drove him all the way to
Baden this afternoon.
Everyone in the room seemed to relax,
said, his voice thick with relief. He
slumped back onto his stool and tapped
the bar hard with a knuckle. Bast drew
Not so late as all M
d like to see you make it
all the way to Baden and back in this
Old Cob put a hand on the man
steering his friend toward the bar.
were just a little spooked. You probably
saved that damn fool
s life by getting him out of town.
He squinted at him.
t be out on the road by
yourself these days...
The innkeeper fetched M
while Bast went outside to tend to his
horse. While he ate, his friends told him
s gossip in dribs and drabs.
Well that explains it,
Jessom showed up reeking like a rummy
d been beat by twelve
different demons. Paid me to drive him to
the Iron Hall, and he took the king
Carter took a drink of beer.
Then paid me to take him to Baden
t want to stop off at his
house for his clothes or anythiM
Not much need for that,
ll dress and feed him in the king
Graham let out a huge sigh.
near miss. Can you imagine what would
happen if the azzie came for Martin?
Everyone was silent for a moment,
imagining the trouble that would come if
an officer of the Crown
assaulted here in town.
s prentice looked around at
asked, plainly worried.
e men at the bar shook their head in
s not that sort. Not to go after a
woman or her wee ones.
I heard he punched the tinker because
he was making some advances on young
Everyone in the room turned to look at
him, surprised. They
their lives and had heard all his stories.
Even the most boring of them had been
trotted out three or foM
long years. The thought that he might
have held something back was... well...
it was almost unthinkable.
He was getting all handsy with young
Cob said, not looking up from his
And she was younger still back
moment, then sighed.
But I was still old,
and... well... I knew that tinker would
give me a hiding if I tried to stop him. I
could see that plain enough on his face.
The old man sighed.
ob looked up with a vicious little grin.
Then Martin came round the corner,
This was off behind the old
s place, remember? And Martin
looked at the fellow, and at Jenna, who
t crying or nothing, but she
t happy either. And the
tinker has hold of her wrist...
Cob shook his head.
It was like a hammer hitting a ham.
Knocked him right out into the street. Ten
feet, give or take. Then Martin eyed
Jenna, who was crying just a bit then.
More surprised than anything. And
Martin stuck the boot in him. Just once.
Not as hard as he could, either. I could tell
he was just settling up accounts in his
head. Like he was a moneylender
shimming up one side of his scale.
t any kind of proper
And I heard things about that priest,
A few of the others nodded wordlessly.
What if Jessom comes back?
nk and take the coin, then turn
all cowardly and jump the rail when they
Everyone seemed to consider that. It
t a hard thought for any of them. A
through town only last month and posted
a notice, announcing a reward for
Shep said grimly into
his nearly empty mug.
a great royal pisser of a mess?
dismissively. His voice had such a note of
hat everyone turned to eye him
Bast tore off a piece of bread and put it
in his mouth before he realized he was the
center of attention. He swallowed
awkwardly and made a broad gesture
knowing Martin was waiting?
There was a chorus of negative grunts
You have to be a special kind of stupid
Maybe eight years will be enough for
Later, after the customers were gone,
Bast and the innkeeper sat down in the
kitchen, making their own dinner from
the remainder of the stew and half a loaf
So what did you learn today, Bast?
the innkeeper asked.
Bast grinned widely.
found out where Emberlee takes her bath!
The innkeeper cocked his head
Emberlee? The Alards
prettiest girl in twenty miles, Reshi!
the innkeeper said, an honest
smile flickering across his face for the
first time that day.
know if she takes a bath every day, but
s worth the gamble. She
cream and broad of beam.
grew to wicked proportions.
he said the last with
The innkeeper shook his head, even as
his own smile spread helplessly across his
face. Finally he broke into a chuckle and
You can point her out
to me sometime when she has her clothes
he said pointedly.
Bast gave a disapproving sigh.
would do you a world of good to get out
The innkeeper shrugged.
he said as he poked idly at his
y ate in silence for a long while.
Bast tried to think of something to say.
I did get the carrots, Reshi,
as he finished his stew and ladled the rest
of it out of the kettle.
Better late than never, I suppose,
innkeeper said his voice was listless and
ll use them tomorrow.
Bast shifted in his seat, embarrassed.
m afraid I lost them afterwards,
This wrung another tired smile from the
t worry yourself over it,
His eyes narrowed then, focusing
on hand that held Bast
happened to your hand?
Bast looked down at the knuckles of his
right hand, they weren
but they were skinned rather badly.
I fell out of a tree,
lying, but not answering the question,
either. It was better not to lie outright.
Even weary and dull, his master was not
an easy man to fool.
You should be more careful, Bast,
innkeeper said, prodding listlessly at his
And with as little as there is to do
around here, it would be nice if you spent
a little more time on your studies.
I learned loads of things today, Reshi,
The innkeeper sat up, looking more
Bast thought for a moment.
Williams found a wild hive of bees
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<h1 id="loading" hidden="">Click Content to play @OrdMineBlocks</h1>
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<h1>Ordinal MineBlocks</h1>
<p>Bringing Blocks on the Blockchain, OM
n-Chain, Forever.</p>
<h2>Join Us:</h2>
<p>- Twitter: https://twitter.com/OrdMineBlocks </p>
<p>- Discord: https://discord.gg/dAqfzKQDBj </p>
<div class="center">
<h2>Controls:</h2>
<p>- <b>[wasd]</b> to move</p>
<p>- <b>[e]</b> to toggle craftable items</p>
<p>- <b>[spacebar]</b> to jump</p>
<p>- Hold <b>[shift]</b> to take/build on liquids</p>
<p>- <b>[left click]</b> to break a block</p>
<p>- <b>[right click]</b> to build a block</p>
<p>- <b>[number keys]</b> to change selected items</p>
<script type="text/javascript">
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font-size: 18px;
display: inline-block;
background: #8f7a66;
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padding: 0 20px;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 42px;
cursor: pointer;
box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: bold;
-webkit-appearance: none;
-moz-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
input[type="text"], input[type="email"] {
background: #fcfbf9;
font-weight: normal;
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@-moz-keyframes move-up {
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line-height: 13px;
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animation: move-up 600ms ease-in;
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-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
.score-container:after {
content: "Score";
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content: "Best";
margin-bottom: 10px;
line-height: 1.65;
font-weight: bold;
xt-decoration: underline;
cursor: pointer;
text-transform: uppercase;
border-bottom: 1px solid #d8d4d0;
margin-top: 20px;
margin-bottom: 30px;
@-webkit-keyframes fade-in {
@-moz-keyframes fade-in {
@keyframes fade-in {
@-webkit-keyframes slide-up {
margin-top: 32%;
margin-top: 20%;
@-moz-keyframes slide-up {
margin-top: 32%;
margin-top: 20%;
@keyframes slide-up {
margin-top: 32%;
margin-top: 20%;
margin-top: 40px;
position: relative;
cursor: default;
-webkit-touch-callout: M
-ms-touch-callout: none;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
-ms-touch-action: none;
touch-action: none;
background: #bbada0;
border-radius: 6px;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
position: absolute;
background: rgba(238, 228, 218, 0.73);
padding-top: 40px;
text-align: center;
-webkit-animation: fade-in 800ms ease 1200ms;
-moz-animation: fade-in 800ms ease 1200ms;
animation: fade-in 800ms ease 1200ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: both;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
font-size: 60px;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: 60px;
margin-top: 222px;
.game-message .lower {
margin-top: 29px;
margin-top: 52px;
.game-message .mailing-list strong {
margin-bottom: 10px;
.game-message .mailing-list .mailing-list-email-field {
margin-right: 5px;
display: inline-block;
background: #8f7a66;
border-radius: 3px;
padding: 0 20px;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 42px;
cursor: pointer;
margin-left: 9px;
.game-message a.keep-playing-button {
.game-message .score-sharing {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
margin-left: 10px;
.game-message.game-won {
background: rgba(237, 194, 46, 0.5);
.game-message.game-won a.keep-playing-button {
display: inline-block;
.game-message.game-won, .game-message.game-over {
.game-message.game-won p, .game-message.game-over p {
-webkit-animation: slide-up 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
-moz-animation: slide-up 1.5s ease-in-ouM
animation: slide-up 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: both;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
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-webkit-animation: fade-in 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
-moz-animation: fade-in 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
animation: fade-in 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: both;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
position: absolute;
margin-bottom: 15px;
.grid-row:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
width: 106.25px;
height: 106.25px;
margin-right: 15px;
border-radius: 3px;
background: rgba(238, 228, 218, 0.35);
.grid-cell:last-child {
margin-right: 0;
position: absolute;
.tile, .tile .tile-inner {
line-height: 116.25px;
.tile.tile-position-1-1 {
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-moz-transform: translate(0px, 0px);
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-moz-transition: 100ms ease-in-out;
transition: 100ms ease-in-out;
-webkit-transition-property: -webkit-transform;
-moz-transition-property: -moz-transform;
transition-property: transform;
border-radius: 3px;
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font-size: 40px;
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background: #f59563;
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font-size: 30px;
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.tile.tile-64 .tile-inner {
font-size: 17px;
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background: #edcf72;
box-shadow: 0 0 30px 10px rgba(243, 215, 116, 0.2381), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.14286);
font-size: 25px;
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.tile.tile-128 .tile-inner {
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background: #edccM
box-shadow: 0 0 30px 10px rgba(243, 215, 116, 0.31746), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.19048);
font-size: 30px;
@media screen and (max-width: 520px) {
.tile.tile-256 .tile-inner {
font-size: 17px;
.tile.tile-512 .tile-inner {
background: #edc850;
box-shadow: 0 0 30px 10px rgba(243, 215, 116, 0.39683), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2381);
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.tile.tile-1024 .tile-inner {
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font-size: 30px;
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.tile.tile-2048 .tile-inner {
font-size: 17px;
.tile.tile-super .tile-inner {
background: #3c3a32;
font-size: 30px;
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.tile.tile-super .tile-inner {
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@-webkit-keyframes appear {
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-moz-transform: scale(0);
transform: scale(0);
-webkit-transform: scale(1);
-moz-transform: scale(1);
transform: scale(1);
@-moz-keyframes appear {
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-moz-transform: scale(0);
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-moz-transform: scale(1);
transform: scale(1);
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-moz-transform: scale(0);
transform: scale(0);
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-moz-transform: scale(1);
transform: scale(1);
.tile-new .tile-inner {
-webkit-animation: appear 200ms ease 100ms;
-moz-animation: appear 200ms ease 100ms;
animation: appear 200ms ease 100ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: backwards;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: backwards;
animation-fill-mode: backwards;
@-webkit-keyframes pop {
-webkit-transform: scale(0);
-moz-transform: scale(0);
transform: scale(0);
-webkit-transform: scale(1.2);
-moz-transform: scale(1.2);
transform: scale(1.2);
-webkit-transform: scale(1);
-moz-transform: scale(1);
transform: scale(1);
@-moz-keyframes pop {
-webkit-transform: scale(0);
-moz-transform: scale(0);
transform: scale(0);
-webkit-transformM
-moz-transform: scale(1.2);
transform: scale(1.2);
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-moz-transform: scale(1);
transform: scale(1);
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-moz-transform: scale(0);
transform: scale(0);
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-moz-transform: scale(1.2);
transform: scale(1.2);
-webkit-transform: scale(1);
-moz-transform: scale(1);
transform: scale(1);
.tile-merged .tile-inner {
-webkit-animation: pop 200ms ease 100ms;
-moz-animation: pop 200ms ease 100ms;
animation: pop 200ms ease 100ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: backwards;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: backwards;
animation-fill-mode: backwards;
line-height: 42px;
margin-bottom: 0;
display: inline-block;
background: #8f7a66;
border-radius: 3px;
padding: 0 20px;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 42px;
cursor: pointer;
text-align: center;
margin-top: 50px;
margin-top: 20px;
text-align: center;
.sharing > iframe, .sharing > span, .sharing > form {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
@media screen and (maxM
font-size: 15px;
margin: 20px 0;
padding: 0 20px;
font-size: 27px;
margin-top: 15px;
width: 280px;
margin: 0 auto;
.score-container, .best-container {
margin-top: 0;
padding: 15px 10px;
min-width: 40px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
display: block;
box-sizing: border-box;
line-height: 1.65;
.restart-button {
display: block;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-top: 2px;
.game-container {
margin-top: 17px;
position: relative;
padding: 10px;
cursor: default;
-webkit-touch-callout: none;
-ms-touch-callout: none;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
-ms-touch-acM
touch-action: none;
background: #bbada0;
border-radius: 6px;
width: 280px;
height: 280px;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
display: none;
position: absolute;
background: rgba(238, 228, 218, 0.73);
z-index: 100;
padding-top: 40px;
text-align: centeM
-webkit-animation: fade-in 800ms ease 1200ms;
-moz-animation: fade-in 800ms ease 1200ms;
animation: fade-in 800ms ease 1200ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: both;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
.game-message p {
font-size: 60px;
font-weight: bold;
height: 60px;
line-height: 60px;
margin-top: 222px;
.game-message .lower {
display: block;
margin-top: 29px;
.game-message .mailing-list {
margin-top: 52px;
.game-message .mailing-list strong {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 10px;
.game-message .mailing-list .mailing-list-email-field {
width: 230px;
margin-right: 5px;
.game-message a {
display: inline-block;
background: #8f7a66;
border-radius: 3px;
padding: 0 20px;
text-decoration: none;
color: #f9f6f2;
height: 40px;
line-height: 42pM
cursor: pointer;
margin-left: 9px;
.game-message a.keep-playing-button {
display: none;
.game-message .score-sharing {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
margin-left: 10px;
.game-message.game-won {
background: rgba(237, 194, 46, 0.5);
color: #f9f6f2;
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display: inline-block;
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.game-message.game-won p, .game-message.game-over p {
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-moz-animation: slide-up 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
animation: slide-up 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
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-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
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-moz-animation: fade-in 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
animation: fade-in 1.5s ease-in-out 2500ms;
-webkit-animation-fill-mode: both;
-moz-animation-fill-mode: both;
animation-fill-mode: both;
.grid-container {
position: absolute;
margin-bottom: 10px;
.grid-row:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
.grid-row:after {
content: "";
display: block;
clear: both;
width: 57.5px;
height: 57.5px;
margin-right: 10px;
float: left;
border-radius: 3px;
background: rgba(238, 228, 218, 0.35);
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margin-right: 0;
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position: absolute;
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width: 58px;
height: 58px;
line-height: 67.5px;
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transform: translate(135px, 202px);
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transform: translate(202px, 0px);
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transform: translate(202px, 135px);
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-webkit-transform: translate(202px, 202px);
-moz-transform: translate(202px, 202px);
transform: translate(202px, 202px);
.tile .tile-inner {
font-size: 25px;
padding-top: 0;
.game-message p {
font-size: 30px !important;
height: 30px !important;
line-height: 30px !important;
margin-top: 32% !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
.game-message .lower {
op: 10px !important;
.game-message.game-won .score-sharing {
margin-top: 10px;
.game-message.game-over .mailing-list {
margin-top: 25px;
.game-message .mailing-list {
margin-top: 10px;
.game-message .mailing-list .mailing-list-email-field {
width: 180px;
.sharing > iframe, .sharing > span, .sharing > form {
display: block;
margin: 0 auto;
margin-bottom: 20px;
-moz-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
display: inline-block;
background: #8f7a66;
border-radius: 3px;
padding: 0 20px;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 42px;
cursor: pointer;
.pp-donate button img {
vertical-align: -4px;
margin-right: 8px;
position: relative;
margin-left: 10px;
display: inline-block;
background: #8f7a66;
padding: 0 20px;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 42px;
cursor: pointer;
vertical-align: -4px;
margin-right: 8px;
text-decoration: none;
font-weight: normal;
.btc-donate .address {
position: absolute;
margin-right: -170px;
padding-bottom: 7px;
pointer-events: noneM
-webkit-transition: 400ms ease;
-moz-transition: 400ms ease;
transition: 400ms ease;
-webkit-transition-property: top, opacity;
-moz-transition-property: top, opacity;
transition-property: top, opacity;
.btc-donate .address:after {
position: absolute;
border-top: 10px solid #bbada0;
border-right: 7px solid transparent;
border-left: 7px solid transparent;
margin-left: -7px;
.btc-donate .address code {
padding: 10px 15px;
border-radius: 3px;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 15px;
font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace;
text-align: center;
.btc-donate:hover .address, .btc-donate .address:hover .address {
pointer-events: auto;
@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
width: 120px;
.btc-donate .address {
margin-right: -150px;
.btc-donate .address code {
font-size: 13px;
.btc-donate .address:after {
bottom: 2px;
<div class="container">
<div class="heading">
<h1 class="title">2048</h1>
<div class="scores-container">
<div class="score-container">104<div class="score-addition">+24</div></div>
<div class="best-container">1420</div>
<div class="above-game">
ass="restart-button">New Game</a>
<div class="game-container">
<div class="game-message">
<div class="lower">
<a class="keep-playing-button">Keep Going</a>
<a class="retry-button">Try Again?</a>
<div class="score-sharing"></div>
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="grid-cell">
</div>
<div class="tile-container"><div class="tile tile-2 tile-position-1-1"><div class="tile-inner">2</div></div><div class="tile tile-8 tile-position-1-2"><div class="tile-inner">6</div></div><div class="tile tile-8 tile-position-1-2"><div class="tile-inner">6</div></div><div class="tile tile-16 tile-position-1-2 tile-merged"><div class="tile-inner">8</div></div><div class="tile tile-16 tile-position-1-3"><div class="M
tile-inner">8</div></div><div class="tile tile-2 tile-position-1-4"><div class="tile-inner">2</div></div><div class="tile tile-4 tile-position-2-1"><div class="tile-inner">4</div></div><div class="tile tile-4 tile-position-2-1"><div class="tile-inner">4</div></div><div class="tile tile-8 tile-position-2-1 tile-merged"><div class="tile-inner">6</div></div><div class="tile tile-2 tile-position-3-1"><div class="tile-inner">2</div></div><div class="tile tile-2 tile-position-3-3 tile-new"><div class="tile-inner">2</div>M
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defineElementGetter(HTMLElement.prototype, 'classList', function () {
return new DOMToM
var vendors = ['webkit', 'moz'];
for(var x = 0; x < vendors.length && !window.requestAnimationFrame; ++x) {
window.requestAnimationFrame = window[vendors[x]+'RequestAnimationFrame'];
window.cancelAnimationFrame =
window[vendors[x]+'CancelAnimationFrame'] || window[vendors[x]+'CancelRequestAnimationFrame'];
if (!window.requestAnimationFrame) {
window.requestAnimationFrame = function(callback, element) {
var currTime = new DM
var timeToCall = Math.max(0, 16 - (currTime - lastTime));
var id = window.setTimeout(function() { callback(currTime + timeToCall); },
lastTime = currTime + timeToCall;
if (!window.cancelAnimationFrame) {
window.cancelAnimationFrame = function(id) {
clearTimeout(id);
function KeyboardInputManager() {
if (window.navigator.msPointerEnabled) {
//Internet Explorer 10 style
ventTouchstart = "MSPointerDown";
this.eventTouchmove = "MSPointerMove";
this.eventTouchend = "MSPointerUp";
this.eventTouchstart = "touchstart";
this.eventTouchmove = "touchmove";
this.eventTouchend = "touchend";
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.on = function (event, callback) {
if (!this.events[event]) {
this.events[event] = [];
this.events[event].push(callback);
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.emit = function (event, datM
var callbacks = this.events[event];
callbacks.forEach(function (callback) {
callback(data);
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.listen = function () {
75: 0, // Vim up
76: 1, // Vim right
74: 2, // Vim down
72: 3, // Vim left
// Respond to direction keys
document.addEventLiM
stener("keydown", function (event) {
var modifiers = event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey ||
event.shiftKey;
var mapped = map[event.which];
// Ignore the event if it's happening in a text field
if (self.targetIsInput(event)) return;
if (!modifiers) {
if (mapped !== undefined) {
event.preventDefault();
self.emit("move", mapped);
// R key restarts the game
if (!modifiers && event.which === 82) {
self.restart.callM
// Respond to button presses
this.bindButtonPress(".retry-button", this.restart);
this.bindButtonPress(".restart-button", this.restart);
this.bindButtonPress(".keep-playing-button", this.keepPlaying);
// Respond to swipe events
var touchStartClientX, touchStartClientY;
var gameContainer = document.getElementsByClassName("game-container")[0];
gameContainer.addEventListener(this.eventTouchstart, function (event) {
if ((!window.navigator.msPointerEnabled && event.touchM
event.targetTouches > 1 ||
self.targetIsInput(event)) {
return; // Ignore if touching with more than 1 finger or touching input
if (window.navigator.msPointerEnabled) {
touchStartClientX = event.pageX;
touchStartClientY = event.pageY;
touchStartClientX = event.touches[0].clientX;
touchStartClientY = event.touches[0].clientY;
event.preventDefault();
gameContainer.addEventListener(this.eventTouchmove, function M
event.preventDefault();
gameContainer.addEventListener(this.eventTouchend, function (event) {
if ((!window.navigator.msPointerEnabled && event.touches.length > 0) ||
event.targetTouches > 0 ||
self.targetIsInput(event)) {
return; // Ignore if still touching with one or more fingers or input
var touchEndClientX, touchEndClientY;
if (window.navigator.msPointerEnabled) {
touchEndClientX = event.pageX;
touchEndClientY = event.pageY;
touchEndClientX = event.changedTouches[0].clientX;
touchEndClientY = event.changedTouches[0].clientY;
var dx = touchEndClientX - touchStartClientX;
var absDx = Math.abs(dx);
var dy = touchEndClientY - touchStartClientY;
var absDy = Math.abs(dy);
if (Math.max(absDx, absDy) > 10) {
// (right : left) : (down : up)
self.emit("move", absDx > absDy ? (dx > 0 ? 1 : 3) : (dy > 0 ? 2 : 0));
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.restart = function (event) {
vent.preventDefault();
this.emit("restart");
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.keepPlaying = function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
this.emit("keepPlaying");
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.bindButtonPress = function (selector, fn) {
var button = document.querySelector(selector);
button.addEventListener("click", fn.bind(this));
button.addEventListener(this.eventTouchend, fn.bind(this));
KeyboardInputManager.prototype.targetIsInput = function (event) {
return event.target.tagName.toLowerCasM
function HTMLActuator() {
this.tileContainer = document.querySelector(".tile-container");
this.scoreContainer = document.querySelector(".score-container");
this.bestContainer = document.querySelector(".best-container");
this.messageContainer = document.querySelector(".game-message");
this.sharingContainer = document.querySelector(".score-sharing");
HTMLActuator.prototype.actuate = function (grid, metadata) {
window.requestAnimationFraM
self.clearContainer(self.tileContainer);
grid.cells.forEach(function (column) {
column.forEach(function (cell) {
self.addTile(cell);
self.updateScore(metadata.score);
self.updateBestScore(metadata.bestScore);
if (metadata.terminated) {
if (metadata.over) {
self.message(false); // You lose
} else if (metadata.won) {
self.message(true); // You win!
he game (both restart and keep playing)
HTMLActuator.prototype.continueGame = function () {
if (typeof ga !== "undefined") {
ga("send", "event", "game", "restart");
this.clearMessage();
HTMLActuator.prototype.clearContainer = function (container) {
while (container.firstChild) {
container.removeChild(container.firstChild);
//HTMLActuator.prototype.tileHTML = ["
TMLActuator.prototype.tileHTML = ["2", "4", "8", "16", "32", "64", "128", "256", "512", "1024", "2048"];
//HTMLActuator.prototype.tileHTML = ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "win"];
//HTMLActuator.prototype.tileHTML = ["
HTMLActuator.prototype.addTile = function (tile) {
var wrapper = document.createElement("div");
var inner = document.createElement("div");
var position = tile.previousPosition || { x: tile.x, y: tile.y };
var positionClass = this.positionClass(position);
// We can't use classlist because it somehow glitches when replacing classes
var classes = ["tile", "tile-" + tile.value, positionClass];
if (tile.value > 2048) classes.push("tile-super");
this.applyClasses(wrapper, classes);
inner.classList.add("tile-inner");
inner.textContent = HTMLActuator.prototype.tileHTML[Math.log(tile.value) / Math.LN2 - 1] || tile.value;
// Make sure that the tile gets rendered in the previous position first
window.requestAnimationFrame(function () {
classes[2] = self.positionClass({ x: tile.x, y: tile.y });
self.applyClasses(wrapper, classes); // Update the position
} else if (tile.mergedFrom) {
classes.push("tile-merged");
this.applyClasses(wrapper, classes);
// Render the tiles that merged
tile.mergedFrom.forEach(function (merged) {
self.addTile(merged);
sses.push("tile-new");
this.applyClasses(wrapper, classes);
// Add the inner part of the tile to the wrapper
wrapper.appendChild(inner);
// Put the tile on the board
this.tileContainer.appendChild(wrapper);
HTMLActuator.prototype.applyClasses = function (element, classes) {
element.setAttribute("class", classes.join(" "));
HTMLActuator.prototype.normalizePosition = function (position) {
return { x: position.x + 1, y: position.y + 1 };
HTMLActuator.prototype.positionClass = functionM
position = this.normalizePosition(position);
return "tile-position-" + position.x + "-" + position.y;
HTMLActuator.prototype.updateScore = function (score) {
this.clearContainer(this.scoreContainer);
var difference = score - this.score;
this.score = score;
this.scoreContainer.textContent = this.score;
if (difference > 0) {
var addition = document.createElement("div");
addition.classList.add("score-addition");
addition.textContent = "+" + difference;
ainer.appendChild(addition);
HTMLActuator.prototype.updateBestScore = function (bestScore) {
this.bestContainer.textContent = bestScore;
HTMLActuator.prototype.message = function (won) {
var type = won ? "game-won" : "game-over";
var message = won ? "You Win!" : "Game Over!";
if (typeof ga !== "undefined") {
ga("send", "event", "game", "end", type, this.score);
this.messageContainer.classList.add(type);
this.messageContainer.getElementsByTagName("p")[0].textContent = message;
this.clearContainer(this.sharingContainer);
this.sharingContainer.appendChild(this.scoreTweetButton());
//twttr.widgets.load();
HTMLActuator.prototype.clearMessage = function () {
// IE only takes one value to remove at a time.
this.messageContainer.classList.remove("game-won");
this.messageContainer.classList.remove("game-over");
HTMLActuator.prototype.scoreTweetButton = function () {
var tweet = document.createElement("a");
tweet.classList.add("twitter-share-button");
tweet.setAttribute("M
href", "https://twitter.com/share");
tweet.setAttribute("data-via", "gabrielecirulli");
tweet.setAttribute("data-url", "https://git.io/2048");
tweet.setAttribute("data-counturl", "https://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/");
tweet.textContent = "Tweet";
var text = "I scored " + this.score + " points at 2048, a game where you " +
"join numbers to score high! #2048game";
tweet.setAttribute("data-text", text);
function Grid(size, previousState) {
ells = previousState ? this.fromState(previousState) : this.empty();
// Build a grid of the specified size
Grid.prototype.empty = function () {
for (var x = 0; x < this.size; x++) {
var row = cells[x] = [];
for (var y = 0; y < this.size; y++) {
row.push(null);
Grid.prototype.fromState = function (state) {
for (var x = 0; x < this.size; x++) {
var row = cells[x] = [];
for (var y = 0; y < this.size; y++) {
row.push(tile ? new Tile(tile.position, tile.value) : null);
// Find the first available random position
Grid.prototype.randomAvailableCell = function () {
var cells = this.availableCells();
if (cells.length) {
return cells[Math.floor(Math.random() * cells.length)];
Grid.prototype.availableCells = function () {
this.eachCell(function (x, y, tile) {
cells.push({ x: x, y: y });
// Call callback for every cell
Grid.prototype.eachCell = function (callback) {
for (var x = 0; x < this.size; x++) {
for (var y = 0; y < this.size; y++) {
callback(x, y, this.cells[x][y]);
// Check if there are any cells available
Grid.prototype.cellsAvailable = function () {
return !!this.availableCells().length;
// Check if the specified cell is taken
Grid.prototype.cellAvailable = function (cell) {
return !this.cellOccupied(cell);
Grid.prototype.cellOccupied = functM
return !!this.cellContent(cell);
Grid.prototype.cellContent = function (cell) {
if (this.withinBounds(cell)) {
return this.cells[cell.x][cell.y];
// Inserts a tile at its position
Grid.prototype.insertTile = function (tile) {
this.cells[tile.x][tile.y] = tile;
Grid.prototype.removeTile = function (tile) {
this.cells[tile.x][tile.y] = null;
Grid.prototype.withinBounds = function (position) {
return position.x >= 0 && position.x < this.size &&M
position.y >= 0 && position.y < this.size;
Grid.prototype.serialize = function () {
var cellState = [];
for (var x = 0; x < this.size; x++) {
var row = cellState[x] = [];
for (var y = 0; y < this.size; y++) {
row.push(this.cells[x][y] ? this.cells[x][y].serialize() : null);
size: this.size,
cells: cellState
function Tile(position, value) {
this.x = position.x;
this.y = position.y;
this.value = valuM
this.previousPosition = null;
this.mergedFrom = null; // Tracks tiles that merged together
Tile.prototype.savePosition = function () {
this.previousPosition = { x: this.x, y: this.y };
Tile.prototype.updatePosition = function (position) {
this.x = position.x;
this.y = position.y;
Tile.prototype.serialize = function () {
value: this.value
window.fakeStorage = {
setItem: function (id, valM
return this._data[id] = String(val);
getItem: function (id) {
return this._data.hasOwnProperty(id) ? this._data[id] : undefined;
removeItem: function (id) {
return delete this._data[id];
clear: function () {
return this._data = {};
function LocalStorageManager() {
this.bestScoreKey = "bestScore";
this.gameStateKey = "gameState";
var supported = this.localStorageSupported();
this.storage = supported ? window.localStorage : window.fakeStorage;
calStorageManager.prototype.localStorageSupported = function () {
var testKey = "test";
var storage = window.localStorage;
storage.setItem(testKey, "1");
storage.removeItem(testKey);
// Best score getters/setters
LocalStorageManager.prototype.getBestScore = function () {
return this.storage.getItem(this.bestScoreKey) || 0;
LocalStorageManager.prototype.setBestScore = function (score) {
this.storage.setItem(this.bestScoreKey,M
// Game state getters/setters and clearing
LocalStorageManager.prototype.getGameState = function () {
var stateJSON = this.storage.getItem(this.gameStateKey);
return stateJSON ? JSON.parse(stateJSON) : null;
LocalStorageManager.prototype.setGameState = function (gameState) {
this.storage.setItem(this.gameStateKey, JSON.stringify(gameState));
LocalStorageManager.prototype.clearGameState = function () {
this.storage.removeItem(this.gameStateKey);
function GameManager(size, InputManagerM
, Actuator, StorageManager) {
this.size = size; // Size of the grid
this.inputManager = new InputManager;
this.storageManager = new StorageManager;
this.actuator = new Actuator;
this.startTiles = 2;
this.inputManager.on("move", this.move.bind(this));
this.inputManager.on("restart", this.restart.bind(this));
this.inputManager.on("keepPlaying", this.keepPlaying.bind(this));
GameManager.prototype.restart = function () {
this.storageManagM
er.clearGameState();
this.actuator.continueGame(); // Clear the game won/lost message
// Keep playing after winning (allows going over 2048)
GameManager.prototype.keepPlaying = function () {
this.keepPlaying = true;
this.actuator.continueGame(); // Clear the game won/lost message
// Return true if the game is lost, or has won and the user hasn't kept playing
GameManager.prototype.isGameTerminated = function () {
if (this.over || (this.won && !this.keepPlaying)) {
GameManager.prototype.setup = function () {
var previousState = this.storageManager.getGameState();
// Reload the game from a previous game if present
if (previousState) {
this.grid = new Grid(previousState.grid.size,
previousState.grid.cells); // Reload grid
this.score = previousState.score;
this.over = previousState.over;
this.won = previousState.won;
this.keepPlaying = previM
ousState.keepPlaying;
this.grid = new Grid(this.size);
this.score = 0;
this.over = false;
this.won = false;
this.keepPlaying = false;
// Add the initial tiles
this.addStartTiles();
// Update the actuator
// Set up the initial tiles to start the game with
GameManager.prototype.addStartTiles = function () {
for (var i = 0; i < this.startTiles; i++) {
this.addRandomTile();
// Adds a tile in a random position
GameManager.prototype.addRandomTile = function () {
if (this.grid.cellsAvailable()) {
var value = Math.random() < 0.9 ? 2 : 4;
var tile = new Tile(this.grid.randomAvailableCell(), value);
this.grid.insertTile(tile);
// Sends the updated grid to the actuator
GameManager.prototype.actuate = function () {
if (this.storageManager.getBestScore() < this.score) {
this.storageManager.setBestScore(this.score);
// Clear the state when the game is over (game over only, not win)
this.storageManager.clearGameState();
this.storageManager.setGameState(this.serialize());
this.actuator.actuate(this.grid, {
score: this.score,
over: this.over,
won: this.won,
bestScore: this.storageManager.getBestScore(),
terminated: this.isGameTerminated()
// Represent the current game as an object
GameManager.prototype.serialize = function () {
grid: this.grid.serialize(),
score: this.score,
r: this.over,
won: this.won,
keepPlaying: this.keepPlaying
// Save all tile positions and remove merger info
GameManager.prototype.prepareTiles = function () {
this.grid.eachCell(function (x, y, tile) {
tile.mergedFrom = null;
tile.savePosition();
// Move a tile and its representation
GameManager.prototype.moveTile = function (tile, cell) {
this.grid.cells[tile.x][tile.y] = null;
this.grid.cells[cell.x][cell.y] = tile;
// Move tiles on the grid in the specified direction
GameManager.prototype.move = function (direction) {
// 0: up, 1: right, 2: down, 3: left
if (this.isGameTerminated()) return; // Don't do anything if the game's over
var vector = this.getVector(direction);
var traversals = this.buildTraversals(vector);
var moved = false;
// Save the current tile positions and remove merger information
this.prepareTiles();
// Traverse the grid in M
the right direction and move tiles
traversals.x.forEach(function (x) {
traversals.y.forEach(function (y) {
cell = { x: x, y: y };
tile = self.grid.cellContent(cell);
var positions = self.findFarthestPosition(cell, vector);
var next = self.grid.cellContent(positions.next);
// Only one merger per row traversal?
if (next && next.value === tile.value && !next.mergedFrom) {
var merged = new Tile(positions.next, tile.value * 2);
merged.mergedFrom = [tile, next];
self.grid.insertTile(merged);
self.grid.removeTile(tile);
// Converge the two tiles' positions
tile.updatePosition(positions.next);
// Update the score
self.score += merged.value;
// The mighty 2048 tile
if (merged.value === 2048) self.won = true;
self.moveTile(tile, positions.farthest);
if (!self.positionsEqual(cell, tile)) {
moved = true; /M
/ The tile moved from its original cell!
this.addRandomTile();
if (!this.movesAvailable()) {
this.over = true; // Game over!
// Get the vector representing the chosen direction
GameManager.prototype.getVector = function (direction) {
// Vectors representing tile movement
0: { x: 0, y: -1 }, // Up
1: { x: 1, y: 0 }, // Right
2: { x: 0, y: 1 }, // Down
3: { x: -1, y: 0 } // Left
return map[direction];
// Build a list of positions to traverse in the right order
GameManager.prototype.buildTraversals = function (vector) {
var traversals = { x: [], y: [] };
for (var pos = 0; pos < this.size; pos++) {
traversals.x.push(pos);
traversals.y.push(pos);
// Always traverse from the farthest cell in the chosen direction
if (vector.x === 1) traversals.x = traversals.x.reverse();
if (vector.y === 1) traversals.y = traversals.y.reverse();
return traversals;
ager.prototype.findFarthestPosition = function (cell, vector) {
// Progress towards the vector direction until an obstacle is found
previous = cell;
cell = { x: previous.x + vector.x, y: previous.y + vector.y };
} while (this.grid.withinBounds(cell) &&
this.grid.cellAvailable(cell));
farthest: previous,
next: cell // Used to check if a merge is required
GameManager.prototype.movesAvailable = function () {
return this.grid.cellsAvailabM
le() || this.tileMatchesAvailable();
// Check for available matches between tiles (more expensive check)
GameManager.prototype.tileMatchesAvailable = function () {
for (var x = 0; x < this.size; x++) {
for (var y = 0; y < this.size; y++) {
tile = this.grid.cellContent({ x: x, y: y });
for (var direction = 0; direction < 4; direction++) {
var vector = self.getVector(direction);
var cell = { x: x + vector.x, y: y + vectoM
var other = self.grid.cellContent(cell);
if (other && other.value === tile.value) {
return true; // These two tiles can be merged
GameManager.prototype.positionsEqual = function (first, second) {
return first.x === second.x && first.y === second.y;
// Wait till the browser is ready to render the game (avoids glitches)
// get an ordinal game twitter @skyrover7
window.requestAnimationFrame(function () {
ameManager(4, KeyboardInputManager, HTMLActuator, LocalStorageManager);
<!-- https://codepad.co/snippet/2048-game -->
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Adobe Photoshop 22.1 (Windows)
cropWhenPrintingbool
transparencyDitherAlgorithmenum
transparencyDitherAmountlM
HTMLBackgroundSettingsObjc
BackgroundColorBluelong
BackgroundColorGreenlong
BackgroundColorRedlong
BackgroundColorStatelong
BackgroundImagePathTEXT
UseImageAsBackgroundbool
AlwaysAddAltAttributebool
FileSavingSettingsObjc
DuplicateFileNameBehaviorlong
HtmlFileNameComponentsVlLs
ImageSubfolderNameTEXT
NameCompatibilityObjc
NameCompatWindowsbool
OutputMultipleFilesbool
SavingFileNameComponentsVlLs
SliceFileNameComponentsVlLs
UseImageSubfolderbool
UseLongExtensionsbool
ImageMapLocationlong
IncludeZeroMarginsbool
QuoteAllAttributesbool
SpacersEmptyCellslong
SpacersHorizontallong
UseLongHTMLExtensionbool
MetadataOutputSettingsObjc
WriteXMPToSidecarFilesbool
http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/
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Adobe Photoshop 22.1 (Windows)
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PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Socrates, Euthyphro.
SCENE: The Porch of the King Archon.
EUTHYPHRO: Why have you left the Lyceum, Socrates? and what are you
doing in the Porch of the King Archon? Surely you cannot be concerned in
a suit before the King, like myself?
SOCRATES: Not in a suit, Euthyphro; impeachment is the word which the
EUTHYPHRO: What! I suppose that some one has been prosecuting you, for I
cannot believe that you are the prosecutor of anotherM
SOCRATES: Certainly not.
EUTHYPHRO: Then some one else has been prosecuting you?
EUTHYPHRO: And who is he?
SOCRATES: A young man who is little known, Euthyphro; and I hardly know
him: his name is Meletus, and he is of the deme of Pitthis. Perhaps you
may remember his appearance; he has a beak, and long straight hair, and
a beard which is ill grown.
EUTHYPHRO: No, I do not remember him, Socrates. But what is the charge
which he brings against you?
SOCRATES: What is the chargM
e? Well, a very serious charge, which shows
a good deal of character in the young man, and for which he is certainly
not to be despised. He says he knows how the youth are corrupted and
who are their corruptors. I fancy that he must be a wise man, and seeing
that I am the reverse of a wise man, he has found me out, and is going
to accuse me of corrupting his young friends. And of this our mother the
state is to be the judge. Of all our political men he is the only one
who seems to me to begin in the right waM
y, with the cultivation of
virtue in youth; like a good husbandman, he makes the young shoots his
first care, and clears away us who are the destroyers of them. This is
only the first step; he will afterwards attend to the elder branches;
and if he goes on as he has begun, he will be a very great public
EUTHYPHRO: I hope that he may; but I rather fear, Socrates, that the
opposite will turn out to be the truth. My opinion is that in attacking
you he is simply aiming a blow at the foundation of M
what way does he say that you corrupt the young?
SOCRATES: He brings a wonderful accusation against me, which at first
hearing excites surprise: he says that I am a poet or maker of gods, and
that I invent new gods and deny the existence of old ones; this is the
ground of his indictment.
EUTHYPHRO: I understand, Socrates; he means to attack you about the
familiar sign which occasionally, as you say, comes to you. He thinks
that you are a neologian, and he is going to have you up beforeM
court for this. He knows that such a charge is readily received by the
world, as I myself know too well; for when I speak in the assembly about
divine things, and foretell the future to them, they laugh at me and
think me a madman. Yet every word that I say is true. But they are
jealous of us all; and we must be brave and go at them.
SOCRATES: Their laughter, friend Euthyphro, is not a matter of much
consequence. For a man may be thought wise; but the Athenians, I
suspect, do not much trouble themselM
ves about him until he begins to
impart his wisdom to others, and then for some reason or other, perhaps,
as you say, from jealousy, they are angry.
EUTHYPHRO: I am never likely to try their temper in this way.
SOCRATES: I dare say not, for you are reserved in your behaviour, and
seldom impart your wisdom. But I have a benevolent habit of pouring out
myself to everybody, and would even pay for a listener, and I am afraid
that the Athenians may think me too talkative. Now if, as I was saying,
only laugh at me, as you say that they laugh at you, the
time might pass gaily enough in the court; but perhaps they may be in
earnest, and then what the end will be you soothsayers only can predict.
EUTHYPHRO: I dare say that the affair will end in nothing, Socrates, and
that you will win your cause; and I think that I shall win my own.
SOCRATES: And what is your suit, Euthyphro? are you the pursuer or the
EUTHYPHRO: I am the pursuer.
EUTHYPHRO: You will think me maM
SOCRATES: Why, has the fugitive wings?
EUTHYPHRO: Nay, he is not very volatile at his time of life.
SOCRATES: Who is he?
EUTHYPHRO: My father.
SOCRATES: Your father! my good man?
SOCRATES: And of what is he accused?
EUTHYPHRO: Of murder, Socrates.
SOCRATES: By the powers, Euthyphro! how little does the common herd know
of the nature of right and truth. A man must be an extraordinary man,
and have made great strides in wisdom, before he could have seen M
to bring such an action.
EUTHYPHRO: Indeed, Socrates, he must.
SOCRATES: I suppose that the man whom your father murdered was one of
your relatives--clearly he was; for if he had been a stranger you would
never have thought of prosecuting him.
EUTHYPHRO: I am amused, Socrates, at your making a distinction between
one who is a relation and one who is not a relation; for surely the
pollution is the same in either case, if you knowingly associate with
the murderer when you ought to clear yourselM
f and him by proceeding
against him. The real question is whether the murdered man has been
justly slain. If justly, then your duty is to let the matter alone; but
if unjustly, then even if the murderer lives under the same roof with
you and eats at the same table, proceed against him. Now the man who is
dead was a poor dependant of mine who worked for us as a field labourer
on our farm in Naxos, and one day in a fit of drunken passion he got
into a quarrel with one of our domestic servants and slew him. My M
bound him hand and foot and threw him into a ditch, and then sent to
Athens to ask of a diviner what he should do with him. Meanwhile he
never attended to him and took no care about him, for he regarded him as
a murderer; and thought that no great harm would be done even if he did
die. Now this was just what happened. For such was the effect of cold
and hunger and chains upon him, that before the messenger returned from
the diviner, he was dead. And my father and family are angry with me for
he part of the murderer and prosecuting my father. They say
that he did not kill him, and that if he did, the dead man was but a
murderer, and I ought not to take any notice, for that a son is impious
who prosecutes a father. Which shows, Socrates, how little they know
what the gods think about piety and impiety.
SOCRATES: Good heavens, Euthyphro! and is your knowledge of religion
and of things pious and impious so very exact, that, supposing the
circumstances to be as you state them, you are not afraid leM
may be doing an impious thing in bringing an action against your father?
EUTHYPHRO: The best of Euthyphro, and that which distinguishes him,
Socrates, from other men, is his exact knowledge of all such matters.
What should I be good for without it?
SOCRATES: Rare friend! I think that I cannot do better than be your
disciple. Then before the trial with Meletus comes on I shall challenge
him, and say that I have always had a great interest in religious
questions, and now, as he charges me with M
rash imaginations and
innovations in religion, I have become your disciple. You, Meletus, as
I shall say to him, acknowledge Euthyphro to be a great theologian, and
sound in his opinions; and if you approve of him you ought to approve of
me, and not have me into court; but if you disapprove, you should begin
by indicting him who is my teacher, and who will be the ruin, not of the
young, but of the old; that is to say, of myself whom he instructs,
and of his old father whom he admonishes and chastises. And ifM
refuses to listen to me, but will go on, and will not shift the
indictment from me to you, I cannot do better than repeat this challenge
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, indeed, Socrates; and if he attempts to indict me I am
mistaken if I do not find a flaw in him; the court shall have a great
deal more to say to him than to me.
SOCRATES: And I, my dear friend, knowing this, am desirous of becoming
your disciple. For I observe that no one appears to notice you--not even
this Meletus; but his sharM
p eyes have found me out at once, and he has
indicted me for impiety. And therefore, I adjure you to tell me the
nature of piety and impiety, which you said that you knew so well, and
of murder, and of other offences against the gods. What are they? Is
not piety in every action always the same? and impiety, again--is it not
always the opposite of piety, and also the same with itself, having, as
impiety, one notion which includes whatever is impious?
EUTHYPHRO: To be sure, Socrates.
SOCRATES: And what isM
piety, and what is impiety?
EUTHYPHRO: Piety is doing as I am doing; that is to say, prosecuting any
one who is guilty of murder, sacrilege, or of any similar crime--whether
he be your father or mother, or whoever he may be--that makes no
difference; and not to prosecute them is impiety. And please to
consider, Socrates, what a notable proof I will give you of the truth
of my words, a proof which I have already given to others:--of the
principle, I mean, that the impious, whoever he may be, ought not to gM
unpunished. For do not men regard Zeus as the best and most righteous of
the gods?--and yet they admit that he bound his father (Cronos) because
he wickedly devoured his sons, and that he too had punished his own
father (Uranus) for a similar reason, in a nameless manner. And yet when
I proceed against my father, they are angry with me. So inconsistent are
they in their way of talking when the gods are concerned, and when I am
SOCRATES: May not this be the reason, Euthyphro, why I am charged M
impiety--that I cannot away with these stories about the gods? and
therefore I suppose that people think me wrong. But, as you who are well
informed about them approve of them, I cannot do better than assent to
your superior wisdom. What else can I say, confessing as I do, that
I know nothing about them? Tell me, for the love of Zeus, whether you
really believe that they are true.
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, Socrates; and things more wonderful still, of which the
world is in ignorance.
SOCRATES: And do you reM
ally believe that the gods fought with one
another, and had dire quarrels, battles, and the like, as the poets
say, and as you may see represented in the works of great artists?
The temples are full of them; and notably the robe of Athene, which is
carried up to the Acropolis at the great Panathenaea, is embroidered
with them. Are all these tales of the gods true, Euthyphro?
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, Socrates; and, as I was saying, I can tell you, if you
would like to hear them, many other things about the gods whicM
SOCRATES: I dare say; and you shall tell me them at some other time when
I have leisure. But just at present I would rather hear from you a
more precise answer, which you have not as yet given, my friend, to the
question, What is 'piety'? When asked, you only replied, Doing as you
do, charging your father with murder.
EUTHYPHRO: And what I said was true, Socrates.
SOCRATES: No doubt, Euthyphro; but you would admit that there are many
EUTHYPHRO: There are.M
SOCRATES: Remember that I did not ask you to give me two or three
examples of piety, but to explain the general idea which makes all pious
things to be pious. Do you not recollect that there was one idea which
made the impious impious, and the pious pious?
EUTHYPHRO: I remember.
SOCRATES: Tell me what is the nature of this idea, and then I shall
have a standard to which I may look, and by which I may measure actions,
whether yours or those of any one else, and then I shall be able to say
nd such an action is pious, such another impious.
EUTHYPHRO: I will tell you, if you like.
SOCRATES: I should very much like.
EUTHYPHRO: Piety, then, is that which is dear to the gods, and impiety
is that which is not dear to them.
SOCRATES: Very good, Euthyphro; you have now given me the sort of answer
which I wanted. But whether what you say is true or not I cannot as yet
tell, although I make no doubt that you will prove the truth of your
EUTHYPHRO: Of course.
SOCRATES: Come, then, aM
nd let us examine what we are saying. That thing
or person which is dear to the gods is pious, and that thing or person
which is hateful to the gods is impious, these two being the extreme
opposites of one another. Was not that said?
SOCRATES: And well said?
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, Socrates, I thought so; it was certainly said.
SOCRATES: And further, Euthyphro, the gods were admitted to have
enmities and hatreds and differences?
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, that was also said.
sort of difference creates enmity and anger? Suppose
for example that you and I, my good friend, differ about a number; do
differences of this sort make us enemies and set us at variance with one
another? Do we not go at once to arithmetic, and put an end to them by a
SOCRATES: Or suppose that we differ about magnitudes, do we not quickly
end the differences by measuring?
EUTHYPHRO: Very true.
SOCRATES: And we end a controversy about heavy and light by resorting to
EUTHYPHRO: To be sure.
SOCRATES: But what differences are there which cannot be thus decided,
and which therefore make us angry and set us at enmity with one another?
I dare say the answer does not occur to you at the moment, and therefore
I will suggest that these enmities arise when the matters of difference
are the just and unjust, good and evil, honourable and dishonourable.
Are not these the points about which men differ, and about which when we
are unable satisfactorily to decide our diM
fferences, you and I and all
of us quarrel, when we do quarrel? (Compare Alcib.)
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, Socrates, the nature of the differences about which we
quarrel is such as you describe.
SOCRATES: And the quarrels of the gods, noble Euthyphro, when they
occur, are of a like nature?
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly they are.
SOCRATES: They have differences of opinion, as you say, about good and
evil, just and unjust, honourable and dishonourable: there would
have been no quarrels among them, if there had been no M
differences--would there now?
EUTHYPHRO: You are quite right.
SOCRATES: Does not every man love that which he deems noble and just and
good, and hate the opposite of them?
EUTHYPHRO: Very true.
SOCRATES: But, as you say, people regard the same things, some as just
and others as unjust,--about these they dispute; and so there arise wars
and fightings among them.
EUTHYPHRO: Very true.
SOCRATES: Then the same things are hated by the gods and loved by the
gods, and are both hateful and dear M
SOCRATES: And upon this view the same things, Euthyphro, will be pious
EUTHYPHRO: So I should suppose.
SOCRATES: Then, my friend, I remark with surprise that you have not
answered the question which I asked. For I certainly did not ask you
to tell me what action is both pious and impious: but now it would seem
that what is loved by the gods is also hated by them. And therefore,
Euthyphro, in thus chastising your father you may very likely be doing
s agreeable to Zeus but disagreeable to Cronos or Uranus, and what
is acceptable to Hephaestus but unacceptable to Here, and there may be
other gods who have similar differences of opinion.
EUTHYPHRO: But I believe, Socrates, that all the gods would be agreed as
to the propriety of punishing a murderer: there would be no difference
of opinion about that.
SOCRATES: Well, but speaking of men, Euthyphro, did you ever hear any
one arguing that a murderer or any sort of evil-doer ought to be let
YPHRO: I should rather say that these are the questions which they
are always arguing, especially in courts of law: they commit all sorts
of crimes, and there is nothing which they will not do or say in their
SOCRATES: But do they admit their guilt, Euthyphro, and yet say that
they ought not to be punished?
EUTHYPHRO: No; they do not.
SOCRATES: Then there are some things which they do not venture to say
and do: for they do not venture to argue that the guilty are to be
ey deny their guilt, do they not?
SOCRATES: Then they do not argue that the evil-doer should not be
punished, but they argue about the fact of who the evil-doer is, and
what he did and when?
SOCRATES: And the gods are in the same case, if as you assert they
quarrel about just and unjust, and some of them say while others deny
that injustice is done among them. For surely neither God nor man will
ever venture to say that the doer of injustice is not to be punished?
EUTHYPHRO: That is true, Socrates, in the main.
SOCRATES: But they join issue about the particulars--gods and men alike;
and, if they dispute at all, they dispute about some act which is called
in question, and which by some is affirmed to be just, by others to be
unjust. Is not that true?
EUTHYPHRO: Quite true.
SOCRATES: Well then, my dear friend Euthyphro, do tell me, for my better
instruction and information, what proof have you that in the opinion of
all the gods a servant who is guilty of murdeM
r, and is put in chains by
the master of the dead man, and dies because he is put in chains before
he who bound him can learn from the interpreters of the gods what he
ought to do with him, dies unjustly; and that on behalf of such an one
a son ought to proceed against his father and accuse him of murder. How
would you show that all the gods absolutely agree in approving of his
act? Prove to me that they do, and I will applaud your wisdom as long as
EUTHYPHRO: It will be a difficult task; but I coM
uld make the matter very
clear indeed to you.
SOCRATES: I understand; you mean to say that I am not so quick of
apprehension as the judges: for to them you will be sure to prove that
the act is unjust, and hateful to the gods.
EUTHYPHRO: Yes indeed, Socrates; at least if they will listen to me.
SOCRATES: But they will be sure to listen if they find that you are a
good speaker. There was a notion that came into my mind while you were
speaking; I said to myself: 'Well, and what if Euthyphro does prove tM
me that all the gods regarded the death of the serf as unjust, how do I
know anything more of the nature of piety and impiety? for granting that
this action may be hateful to the gods, still piety and impiety are not
adequately defined by these distinctions, for that which is hateful
to the gods has been shown to be also pleasing and dear to them.' And
therefore, Euthyphro, I do not ask you to prove this; I will suppose, if
you like, that all the gods condemn and abominate such an action. But I
the definition so far as to say that what all the gods hate
is impious, and what they love pious or holy; and what some of them
love and others hate is both or neither. Shall this be our definition of
EUTHYPHRO: Why not, Socrates?
SOCRATES: Why not! certainly, as far as I am concerned, Euthyphro, there
is no reason why not. But whether this admission will greatly assist you
in the task of instructing me as you promised, is a matter for you to
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, I should sayM
that what all the gods love is pious and
holy, and the opposite which they all hate, impious.
SOCRATES: Ought we to enquire into the truth of this, Euthyphro, or
simply to accept the mere statement on our own authority and that of
others? What do you say?
EUTHYPHRO: We should enquire; and I believe that the statement will
stand the test of enquiry.
SOCRATES: We shall know better, my good friend, in a little while. The
point which I should first wish to understand is whether the pious or
ved by the gods because it is holy, or holy because it is
beloved of the gods.
EUTHYPHRO: I do not understand your meaning, Socrates.
SOCRATES: I will endeavour to explain: we, speak of carrying and we
speak of being carried, of leading and being led, seeing and being seen.
You know that in all such cases there is a difference, and you know also
in what the difference lies?
EUTHYPHRO: I think that I understand.
SOCRATES: And is not that which is beloved distinct from that which
SOCRATES: Well; and now tell me, is that which is carried in this state
of carrying because it is carried, or for some other reason?
EUTHYPHRO: No; that is the reason.
SOCRATES: And the same is true of what is led and of what is seen?
SOCRATES: And a thing is not seen because it is visible, but conversely,
visible because it is seen; nor is a thing led because it is in the
state of being led, or carried because it is in the state of being
carried, but the converse of M
this. And now I think, Euthyphro, that
my meaning will be intelligible; and my meaning is, that any state of
action or passion implies previous action or passion. It does not become
because it is becoming, but it is in a state of becoming because it
becomes; neither does it suffer because it is in a state of suffering,
but it is in a state of suffering because it suffers. Do you not agree?
SOCRATES: Is not that which is loved in some state either of becoming or
SOCRATES: And the same holds as in the previous instances; the state of
being loved follows the act of being loved, and not the act the state.
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly.
SOCRATES: And what do you say of piety, Euthyphro: is not piety,
according to your definition, loved by all the gods?
SOCRATES: Because it is pious or holy, or for some other reason?
EUTHYPHRO: No, that is the reason.
SOCRATES: It is loved because it is holy, not holy because it is loved?
SOCRATES: And that which is dear to the gods is loved by them, and is in
a state to be loved of them because it is loved of them?
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly.
SOCRATES: Then that which is dear to the gods, Euthyphro, is not holy,
nor is that which is holy loved of God, as you affirm; but they are two
EUTHYPHRO: How do you mean, Socrates?
SOCRATES: I mean to say that the holy has been acknowledged by us to be
loved of God because it is holy, not to be holy because it is loved.
SOCRATES: But that which is dear to the gods is dear to them because it
is loved by them, not loved by them because it is dear to them.
SOCRATES: But, friend Euthyphro, if that which is holy is the same with
that which is dear to God, and is loved because it is holy, then that
which is dear to God would have been loved as being dear to God; but if
that which is dear to God is dear to him because loved by him, then that
which is holy would have been holy because loved by him. BuM
that the reverse is the case, and that they are quite different from
one another. For one (theophiles) is of a kind to be loved cause it
is loved, and the other (osion) is loved because it is of a kind to
be loved. Thus you appear to me, Euthyphro, when I ask you what is
the essence of holiness, to offer an attribute only, and not the
essence--the attribute of being loved by all the gods. But you still
refuse to explain to me the nature of holiness. And therefore, if you
please, I will ask youM
not to hide your treasure, but to tell me once
more what holiness or piety really is, whether dear to the gods or not
(for that is a matter about which we will not quarrel); and what is
EUTHYPHRO: I really do not know, Socrates, how to express what I mean.
For somehow or other our arguments, on whatever ground we rest them,
seem to turn round and walk away from us.
SOCRATES: Your words, Euthyphro, are like the handiwork of my ancestor
Daedalus; and if I were the sayer or propounder of them, yoM
that my arguments walk away and will not remain fixed where they are
placed because I am a descendant of his. But now, since these notions
are your own, you must find some other gibe, for they certainly, as you
yourself allow, show an inclination to be on the move.
EUTHYPHRO: Nay, Socrates, I shall still say that you are the Daedalus
who sets arguments in motion; not I, certainly, but you make them
move or go round, for they would never have stirred, as far as I am
I must be a greater than Daedalus: for whereas he only
made his own inventions to move, I move those of other people as well.
And the beauty of it is, that I would rather not. For I would give the
wisdom of Daedalus, and the wealth of Tantalus, to be able to detain
them and keep them fixed. But enough of this. As I perceive that you are
lazy, I will myself endeavour to show you how you might instruct me in
the nature of piety; and I hope that you will not grudge your labour.
Tell me, then--Is not that whichM
is pious necessarily just?
SOCRATES: And is, then, all which is just pious? or, is that which is
pious all just, but that which is just, only in part and not all, pious?
EUTHYPHRO: I do not understand you, Socrates.
SOCRATES: And yet I know that you are as much wiser than I am, as you
are younger. But, as I was saying, revered friend, the abundance of your
wisdom makes you lazy. Please to exert yourself, for there is no
real difficulty in understanding me. What I mean I may explain M
illustration of what I do not mean. The poet (Stasinus) sings--
'Of Zeus, the author and creator of all these things, You will not tell:
for where there is fear there is also reverence.'
Now I disagree with this poet. Shall I tell you in what respect?
EUTHYPHRO: By all means.
SOCRATES: I should not say that where there is fear there is also
reverence; for I am sure that many persons fear poverty and disease, and
the like evils, but I do not perceive that they reverence the objects of
EUTHYPHRO: Very true.
SOCRATES: But where reverence is, there is fear; for he who has a
feeling of reverence and shame about the commission of any action, fears
and is afraid of an ill reputation.
EUTHYPHRO: No doubt.
SOCRATES: Then we are wrong in saying that where there is fear there
is also reverence; and we should say, where there is reverence there is
also fear. But there is not always reverence where there is fear; for
fear is a more extended notion, and reverence is a part of fear, just M
the odd is a part of number, and number is a more extended notion than
the odd. I suppose that you follow me now?
EUTHYPHRO: Quite well.
SOCRATES: That was the sort of question which I meant to raise when
I asked whether the just is always the pious, or the pious always the
just; and whether there may not be justice where there is not piety; for
justice is the more extended notion of which piety is only a part. Do
EUTHYPHRO: No, I think that you are quite right.
SOCRATES: Then, if M
piety is a part of justice, I suppose that we should
enquire what part? If you had pursued the enquiry in the previous cases;
for instance, if you had asked me what is an even number, and what part
of number the even is, I should have had no difficulty in replying,
a number which represents a figure having two equal sides. Do you not
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, I quite agree.
SOCRATES: In like manner, I want you to tell me what part of justice
is piety or holiness, that I may be able to tell Meletus not to dM
injustice, or indict me for impiety, as I am now adequately instructed
by you in the nature of piety or holiness, and their opposites.
EUTHYPHRO: Piety or holiness, Socrates, appears to me to be that part of
justice which attends to the gods, as there is the other part of justice
which attends to men.
SOCRATES: That is good, Euthyphro; yet still there is a little point
about which I should like to have further information, What is the
meaning of 'attention'? For attention can hardly be used in the M
sense when applied to the gods as when applied to other things. For
instance, horses are said to require attention, and not every person is
able to attend to them, but only a person skilled in horsemanship. Is it
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly.
SOCRATES: I should suppose that the art of horsemanship is the art of
attending to horses?
SOCRATES: Nor is every one qualified to attend to dogs, but only the
SOCRATES: And I should also conceive that theM
art of the huntsman is the
art of attending to dogs?
SOCRATES: As the art of the oxherd is the art of attending to oxen?
EUTHYPHRO: Very true.
SOCRATES: In like manner holiness or piety is the art of attending to
the gods?--that would be your meaning, Euthyphro?
SOCRATES: And is not attention always designed for the good or benefit
of that to which the attention is given? As in the case of horses,
you may observe that when attended to by the horseman's art theyM
benefited and improved, are they not?
SOCRATES: As the dogs are benefited by the huntsman's art, and the oxen
by the art of the oxherd, and all other things are tended or attended
for their good and not for their hurt?
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly, not for their hurt.
SOCRATES: But for their good?
EUTHYPHRO: Of course.
SOCRATES: And does piety or holiness, which has been defined to be the
art of attending to the gods, benefit or improve them? Would you say
that when you do a holM
y act you make any of the gods better?
EUTHYPHRO: No, no; that was certainly not what I meant.
SOCRATES: And I, Euthyphro, never supposed that you did. I asked you the
question about the nature of the attention, because I thought that you
EUTHYPHRO: You do me justice, Socrates; that is not the sort of
attention which I mean.
SOCRATES: Good: but I must still ask what is this attention to the gods
which is called piety?
EUTHYPHRO: It is such, Socrates, as servants show to their masters.
SOCRATES: I understand--a sort of ministration to the gods.
SOCRATES: Medicine is also a sort of ministration or service, having in
view the attainment of some object--would you not say of health?
EUTHYPHRO: I should.
SOCRATES: Again, there is an art which ministers to the ship-builder
with a view to the attainment of some result?
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, Socrates, with a view to the building of a ship.
SOCRATES: As there is an art which ministers to the house-builder with a
the building of a house?
SOCRATES: And now tell me, my good friend, about the art which ministers
to the gods: what work does that help to accomplish? For you must surely
know if, as you say, you are of all men living the one who is best
instructed in religion.
EUTHYPHRO: And I speak the truth, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Tell me then, oh tell me--what is that fair work which the
gods do by the help of our ministrations?
EUTHYPHRO: Many and fair, Socrates, are the works which they do.
SOCRATES: Why, my friend, and so are those of a general. But the chief
of them is easily told. Would you not say that victory in war is the
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly.
SOCRATES: Many and fair, too, are the works of the husbandman, if I
am not mistaken; but his chief work is the production of food from the
SOCRATES: And of the many and fair things done by the gods, which is the
chief or principal one?
EUTHYPHRO: I have told you already, Socrates, that to learnM
things accurately will be very tiresome. Let me simply say that piety or
holiness is learning how to please the gods in word and deed, by prayers
and sacrifices. Such piety is the salvation of families and states,
just as the impious, which is unpleasing to the gods, is their ruin and
SOCRATES: I think that you could have answered in much fewer words the
chief question which I asked, Euthyphro, if you had chosen. But I see
plainly that you are not disposed to instruct me--clearly nM
when we reached the point, did you turn aside? Had you only answered
me I should have truly learned of you by this time the nature of
piety. Now, as the asker of a question is necessarily dependent on the
answerer, whither he leads I must follow; and can only ask again, what
is the pious, and what is piety? Do you mean that they are a sort of
science of praying and sacrificing?
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, I do.
SOCRATES: And sacrificing is giving to the gods, and prayer is asking of
YPHRO: Yes, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Upon this view, then, piety is a science of asking and giving?
EUTHYPHRO: You understand me capitally, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Yes, my friend; the reason is that I am a votary of your
science, and give my mind to it, and therefore nothing which you say
will be thrown away upon me. Please then to tell me, what is the nature
of this service to the gods? Do you mean that we prefer requests and
EUTHYPHRO: Yes, I do.
SOCRATES: Is not the right way of askM
ing to ask of them what we want?
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly.
SOCRATES: And the right way of giving is to give to them in return what
they want of us. There would be no meaning in an art which gives to any
one that which he does not want.
EUTHYPHRO: Very true, Socrates.
SOCRATES: Then piety, Euthyphro, is an art which gods and men have of
doing business with one another?
EUTHYPHRO: That is an expression which you may use, if you like.
SOCRATES: But I have no particular liking for anything but the trutM
wish, however, that you would tell me what benefit accrues to the gods
from our gifts. There is no doubt about what they give to us; for there
is no good thing which they do not give; but how we can give any good
thing to them in return is far from being equally clear. If they give
everything and we give nothing, that must be an affair of business in
which we have very greatly the advantage of them.
EUTHYPHRO: And do you imagine, Socrates, that any benefit accrues to the
gods from our gifts?
TES: But if not, Euthyphro, what is the meaning of gifts which are
conferred by us upon the gods?
EUTHYPHRO: What else, but tributes of honour; and, as I was just now
saying, what pleases them?
SOCRATES: Piety, then, is pleasing to the gods, but not beneficial or
EUTHYPHRO: I should say that nothing could be dearer.
SOCRATES: Then once more the assertion is repeated that piety is dear to
EUTHYPHRO: Certainly.
SOCRATES: And when you say this, can you wonder at your wordsM
standing firm, but walking away? Will you accuse me of being the
Daedalus who makes them walk away, not perceiving that there is another
and far greater artist than Daedalus who makes them go round in a
circle, and he is yourself; for the argument, as you will perceive,
comes round to the same point. Were we not saying that the holy or
pious was not the same with that which is loved of the gods? Have you
EUTHYPHRO: I quite remember.
SOCRATES: And are you not saying that what is loved ofM
and is not this the same as what is dear to them--do you see?
SOCRATES: Then either we were wrong in our former assertion; or, if we
were right then, we are wrong now.
EUTHYPHRO: One of the two must be true.
SOCRATES: Then we must begin again and ask, What is piety? That is an
enquiry which I shall never be weary of pursuing as far as in me lies;
and I entreat you not to scorn me, but to apply your mind to the utmost,
and tell me the truth. For, if any man knows,M
you are he; and therefore
I must detain you, like Proteus, until you tell. If you had not
certainly known the nature of piety and impiety, I am confident that
you would never, on behalf of a serf, have charged your aged father with
murder. You would not have run such a risk of doing wrong in the sight
of the gods, and you would have had too much respect for the opinions
of men. I am sure, therefore, that you know the nature of piety and
impiety. Speak out then, my dear Euthyphro, and do not hide your
EUTHYPHRO: Another time, Socrates; for I am in a hurry, and must go now.
SOCRATES: Alas! my companion, and will you leave me in despair? I was
hoping that you would instruct me in the nature of piety and impiety;
and then I might have cleared myself of Meletus and his indictment. I
would have told him that I had been enlightened by Euthyphro, and had
given up rash innovations and speculations, in which I indulged only
through ignorance, and that now I am about to lead a better life.
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To the Magnificent Lorenzo Di Piero De
Those who strive to obtain the good graces of a prince are accustomed
to come before him with such things as they hold most precious, or in
which they see him take most delight; whence one often sees horses,
arms, cloth of gold, precious stones, and similar ornaments presented
to princes, worthy of their greatness.
Desiring therefore to present myself to your Magnificence with some
votion towards you, I have not found among my
possessions anything which I hold more dear than, or value so much as,
the knowledge of the actions of great men, acquired by long experience
in contemporary affairs, and a continual study of antiquity; which,
having reflected upon it with great and prolonged diligence, I now
send, digested into a little volume, to your Magnificence.
And although I may consider this work unworthy of your countenance,
nevertheless I trust much to your benignity that it may be acM
seeing that it is not possible for me to make a better gift than to
offer you the opportunity of understanding in the shortest time all
that I have learnt in so many years, and with so many troubles and
dangers; which work I have not embellished with swelling or magnificent
words, nor stuffed with rounded periods, nor with any extrinsic
allurements or adornments whatever, with which so many are accustomed
to embellish their works; for I have wished either that no honour
should be given it, or elseM
that the truth of the matter and the
weightiness of the theme shall make it acceptable.
Nor do I hold with those who regard it as a presumption if a man of low
and humble condition dare to discuss and settle the concerns of
princes; because, just as those who draw landscapes place themselves
below in the plain to contemplate the nature of the mountains and of
lofty places, and in order to contemplate the plains place themselves
upon high mountains, even so to understand the nature of the people it
to be a prince, and to understand that of princes it needs to be
Take then, your Magnificence, this little gift in the spirit in which I
send it; wherein, if it be diligently read and considered by you, you
will learn my extreme desire that you should attain that greatness
which fortune and your other attributes promise. And if your
Magnificence from the summit of your greatness will sometimes turn your
eyes to these lower regions, you will see how unmeritedly I suffer a
great and continuedM
THE KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES AND THE MEANS
BY WHICH THEY ARE ACQUIRED
All states, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been
and are either republics or principalities.
Principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long
established; or they are new.
The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or
they are, as it were, members annexed to the hereditary state of the
prince who has acquired them, as was the kM
ingdom of Naples to that of
Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a
prince, or to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms of
the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability.
HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES
I will leave out all discussion on republics, inasmuch as in another
place I have written of them at length, and will address myself only to
principalities. In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above,
and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved.
I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary
states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than
new ones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of
his ancestors, and to deal prudently with circumstances as they arise,
for a prince of average powers to maintain himself in his state, unless
he be deprived of it by some extraordinary and excessive force; and if
he should be so deprived oM
f it, whenever anything sinister happens to
the usurper, he will regain it.
We have in Italy, for example, the Duke of Ferrara, who could not have
withstood the attacks of the Venetians in
84, nor those of Pope Julius
10, unless he had been long established in his dominions. For the
hereditary prince has less cause and less necessity to offend; hence it
happens that he will be more loved; and unless extraordinary vices
cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to expect that his subjects
turally well disposed towards him; and in the antiquity and
duration of his rule the memories and motives that make for change are
lost, for one change always leaves the toothing for another.
MIXED PRINCIPALITIES
But the difficulties occur in a new principality. And firstly, if it be
not entirely new, but is, as it were, a member of a state which, taken
collectively, may be called composite, the changes arise chiefly from
an inherent difficulty which there is in all new principalities;M
men change their rulers willingly, hoping to better themselves, and
this hope induces them to take up arms against him who rules: wherein
they are deceived, because they afterwards find by experience they have
gone from bad to worse. This follows also on another natural and common
necessity, which always causes a new prince to burden those who have
submitted to him with his soldiery and with infinite other hardships
which he must put upon his new acquisition.
In this way you have enemies in all thoseM
whom you have injured in
seizing that principality, and you are not able to keep those friends
who put you there because of your not being able to satisfy them in the
way they expected, and you cannot take strong measures against them,
feeling bound to them. For, although one may be very strong in armed
forces, yet in entering a province one has always need of the goodwill
For these reasons Louis the Twelfth, King of France, quickly occupied
Milan, and as quickly lost it; and to turn him M
out the first time it
only needed Lodovico
s own forces; because those who had opened the
gates to him, finding themselves deceived in their hopes of future
benefit, would not endure the ill-treatment of the new prince. It is
very true that, after acquiring rebellious provinces a second time,
they are not so lightly lost afterwards, because the prince, with
little reluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion to punish the
delinquents, to clear out the suspects, and to strengthen himself in
st places. Thus to cause France to lose Milan the first time
it was enough for the Duke Lodovico to raise insurrections on the
borders; but to cause him to lose it a second time it was necessary to
bring the whole world against him, and that his armies should be
defeated and driven out of Italy; which followed from the causes above
Nevertheless Milan was taken from France both the first and the second
time. The general reasons for the first have been discussed; it remains
to name those for the M
second, and to see what resources he had, and
what any one in his situation would have had for maintaining himself
more securely in his acquisition than did the King of France.
Now I say that those dominions which, when acquired, are added to an
ancient state by him who acquires them, are either of the same country
and language, or they are not. When they are, it is easier to hold
them, especially when they have not been accustomed to self-government;
and to hold them securely it is enough to have destroyeM
the prince who was ruling them; because the two peoples, preserving in
other things the old conditions, and not being unlike in customs, will
live quietly together, as one has seen in Brittany, Burgundy, Gascony,
and Normandy, which have been bound to France for so long a time: and,
although there may be some difference in language, nevertheless the
customs are alike, and the people will easily be able to get on amongst
themselves. He who has annexed them, if he wishes to hold them, has
to bear in mind two considerations: the one, that the family of
their former lord is extinguished; the other, that neither their laws
nor their taxes are altered, so that in a very short time they will
become entirely one body with the old principality.
But when states are acquired in a country differing in language,
customs, or laws, there are difficulties, and good fortune and great
energy are needed to hold them, and one of the greatest and most real
helps would be that he who has acquired them should M
there. This would make his position more secure and durable, as it has
made that of the Turk in Greece, who, notwithstanding all the other
measures taken by him for holding that state, if he had not settled
there, would not have been able to keep it. Because, if one is on the
spot, disorders are seen as they spring up, and one can quickly remedy
them; but if one is not at hand, they are heard of only when they are
great, and then one can no longer remedy them. Besides this, the
pillaged by your officials; the subjects are satisfied
by prompt recourse to the prince; thus, wishing to be good, they have
more cause to love him, and wishing to be otherwise, to fear him. He
who would attack that state from the outside must have the utmost
caution; as long as the prince resides there it can only be wrested
from him with the greatest difficulty.
The other and better course is to send colonies to one or two places,
which may be as keys to that state, for it is necessary either to do
or else to keep there a great number of cavalry and infantry. A
prince does not spend much on colonies, for with little or no expense
he can send them out and keep them there, and he offends a minority
only of the citizens from whom he takes lands and houses to give them
to the new inhabitants; and those whom he offends, remaining poor and
scattered, are never able to injure him; whilst the rest being
uninjured are easily kept quiet, and at the same time are anxious not
to err for fear it should happen to tM
hem as it has to those who have
been despoiled. In conclusion, I say that these colonies are not
costly, they are more faithful, they injure less, and the injured, as
has been said, being poor and scattered, cannot hurt. Upon this, one
has to remark that men ought either to be well treated or crushed,
because they can avenge themselves of lighter injuries, of more serious
ones they cannot; therefore the injury that is to be done to a man
ought to be of such a kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge.
But in maintaining armed men there in place of colonies one spends much
more, having to consume on the garrison all the income from the state,
so that the acquisition turns into a loss, and many more are
exasperated, because the whole state is injured; through the shifting
of the garrison up and down all become acquainted with hardship, and
all become hostile, and they are enemies who, whilst beaten on their
own ground, are yet able to do hurt. For every reason, therefore, such
guards are as useless as a M
Again, the prince who holds a country differing in the above respects
ought to make himself the head and defender of his less powerful
neighbours, and to weaken the more powerful amongst them, taking care
that no foreigner as powerful as himself shall, by any accident, get a
footing there; for it will always happen that such a one will be
introduced by those who are discontented, either through excess of
ambition or through fear, as one has seen already. The Romans were
tolians; and in every other country where
they obtained a footing they were brought in by the inhabitants. And
the usual course of affairs is that, as soon as a powerful foreigner
enters a country, all the subject states are drawn to him, moved by the
hatred which they feel against the ruling power. So that in respect to
those subject states he has not to take any trouble to gain them over
to himself, for the whole of them quickly rally to the state which he
has acquired there. He has only to takM
e care that they do not get hold
of too much power and too much authority, and then with his own forces,
and with their goodwill, he can easily keep down the more powerful of
them, so as to remain entirely master in the country. And he who does
not properly manage this business will soon lose what he has acquired,
and whilst he does hold it he will have endless difficulties and
The Romans, in the countries which they annexed, observed closely these
measures; they sent colonies and maintained friM
endly relations with
the minor powers, without increasing their strength; they kept down the
greater, and did not allow any strong foreign powers to gain authority.
Greece appears to me sufficient for an example. The Achaeans and
tolians were kept friendly by them, the kingdom of Macedonia was
humbled, Antiochus was driven out; yet the merits of the Achaeans and
tolians never secured for them permission to increase their power, nor
did the persuasions of Philip ever induce the Romans to be his friends
ithout first humbling him, nor did the influence of Antiochus make
them agree that he should retain any lordship over the country. Because
the Romans did in these instances what all prudent princes ought to do,
who have to regard not only present troubles, but also future ones, for
which they must prepare with every energy, because, when foreseen, it
is easy to remedy them; but if you wait until they approach, the
medicine is no longer in time because the malady has become incurable;
for it happens in this, M
as the physicians say it happens in hectic
fever, that in the beginning of the malady it is easy to cure but
difficult to detect, but in the course of time, not having been either
detected or treated in the beginning, it becomes easy to detect but
difficult to cure. Thus it happens in affairs of state, for when the
evils that arise have been foreseen (which it is only given to a wise
man to see), they can be quickly redressed, but when, through not
having been foreseen, they have been permitted to grow in a M
every one can see them, there is no longer a remedy. Therefore, the
Romans, foreseeing troubles, dealt with them at once, and, even to
avoid a war, would not let them come to a head, for they knew that war
is not to be avoided, but is only to be put off to the advantage of
others; moreover they wished to fight with Philip and Antiochus in
Greece so as not to have to do it in Italy; they could have avoided
both, but this they did not wish; nor did that ever please them which
is forever in the mouthsM
of the wise ones of our time:
benefits of the time
but rather the benefits of their own valour and
prudence, for time drives everything before it, and is able to bring
with it good as well as evil, and evil as well as good.
But let us turn to France and inquire whether she has done any of the
things mentioned. I will speak of Louis (and not of Charles) as
the one whose conduct is the better to be observed, he having held
possession of Italy for the longest period; and you will see thaM
has done the opposite to those things which ought to be done to retain
a state composed of divers elements.
King Louis was brought into Italy by the ambition of the Venetians, who
desired to obtain half the state of Lombardy by his intervention. I
will not blame the course taken by the king, because, wishing to get a
foothold in Italy, and having no friends there
seeing rather that every
door was shut to him owing to the conduct of Charles
accept those friendships which he could M
get, and he would have
succeeded very quickly in his design if in other matters he had not
made some mistakes. The king, however, having acquired Lombardy,
regained at once the authority which Charles had lost: Genoa yielded;
the Florentines became his friends; the Marquess of Mantua, the Duke of
Ferrara, the Bentivogli, my lady of Forli, the Lords of Faenza, of
Pesaro, of Rimini, of Camerino, of Piombino, the Lucchese, the Pisans,
everybody made advances to him to become his friend. Then
d the Venetians realize the rashness of the course taken by them,
which, in order that they might secure two towns in Lombardy, had made
the king master of two-thirds of Italy.
Let any one now consider with what little difficulty the king could
have maintained his position in Italy had he observed the rules above
laid down, and kept all his friends secure and protected; for although
they were numerous they were both weak and timid, some afraid of the
Church, some of the Venetians, and thus they would alwayM
forced to stand in with him, and by their means he could easily have
made himself secure against those who remained powerful. But he was no
sooner in Milan than he did the contrary by assisting Pope Alexander to
occupy the Romagna. It never occurred to him that by this action he was
weakening himself, depriving himself of friends and of those who had
thrown themselves into his lap, whilst he aggrandized the Church by
adding much temporal power to the spiritual, thus giving it greater
And having committed this prime error, he was obliged to
follow it up, so much so that, to put an end to the ambition of
Alexander, and to prevent his becoming the master of Tuscany, he was
himself forced to come into Italy.
And as if it were not enough to have aggrandized the Church, and
deprived himself of friends, he, wishing to have the kingdom of Naples,
divided it with the King of Spain, and where he was the prime arbiter
in Italy he takes an associate, so that the ambitious of that country
malcontents of his own should have somewhere to shelter; and
whereas he could have left in the kingdom his own pensioner as king, he
drove him out, to put one there who was able to drive him, Louis, out
The wish to acquire is in truth very natural and common, and men always
do so when they can, and for this they will be praised not blamed; but
when they cannot do so, yet wish to do so by any means, then there is
folly and blame. Therefore, if France could have attacked Naples with
she ought to have done so; if she could not, then she
ought not to have divided it. And if the partition which she made with
the Venetians in Lombardy was justified by the excuse that by it she
got a foothold in Italy, this other partition merited blame, for it had
not the excuse of that necessity.
Therefore Louis made these five errors: he destroyed the minor powers,
he increased the strength of one of the greater powers in Italy, he
brought in a foreign power, he did not settle in the country, he did
t send colonies. Which errors, had he lived, were not enough to
injure him had he not made a sixth by taking away their dominions from
the Venetians; because, had he not aggrandized the Church, nor brought
Spain into Italy, it would have been very reasonable and necessary to
humble them; but having first taken these steps, he ought never to have
consented to their ruin, for they, being powerful, would always have
kept off others from designs on Lombardy, to which the Venetians would
never have consented exceM
pt to become masters themselves there; also
because the others would not wish to take Lombardy from France in order
to give it to the Venetians, and to run counter to both they would not
have had the courage.
And if any one should say:
King Louis yielded the Romagna to Alexander
and the kingdom to Spain to avoid war,
I answer for the reasons given
above that a blunder ought never to be perpetrated to avoid war,
because it is not to be avoided, but is only deferred to your
disadvantage. And if anotheM
r should allege the pledge which the king
had given to the Pope that he would assist him in the enterprise, in
exchange for the dissolution of his marriage and for the cap to
Rouen, to that I reply what I shall write later on concerning the
faith of princes, and how it ought to be kept.
Thus King Louis lost Lombardy by not having followed any of the
conditions observed by those who have taken possession of countries and
wished to retain them. Nor is there any miracle in this, but much that
nd quite natural. And on these matters I spoke at Nantes
with Rouen, when Valentino, as Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope
Alexander, was usually called, occupied the Romagna, and on Cardinal
Rouen observing to me that the Italians did not understand war, I
replied to him that the French did not understand statecraft, meaning
that otherwise they would not have allowed the Church to reach such
greatness. And in fact it has been seen that the greatness of the
Church and of Spain in Italy has been caused by France,M
may be attributed to them. From this a general rule is drawn which
never or rarely fails: that he who is the cause of another becoming
powerful is ruined; because that predominancy has been brought about
either by astuteness or else by force, and both are distrusted by him
who has been raised to power.
WHY ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS WERE ABLE TO KEEP
POSSESSION OF DARIUS' KINGDOM AFTER ALEXANDER'S DEATH
Considering the difficulties which men have had to hold to a newly
d state, some might wonder how, seeing that Alexander the Great
became the master of Asia in a few years, and died whilst it was
scarcely settled (whence it might appear reasonable that the whole
empire would have rebelled), nevertheless his successors maintained
themselves, and had to meet no other difficulty than that which arose
among themselves from their own ambitions.
I answer that the principalities of which one has record are found to
be governed in two different ways; either by a prince, with a boM
servants, who assist him to govern the kingdom as ministers by his
favour and permission; or by a prince and barons, who hold that dignity
by antiquity of blood and not by the grace of the prince. Such barons
have states and their own subjects, who recognize them as lords and
hold them in natural affection. Those states that are governed by a
prince and his servants hold their prince in more consideration,
because in all the country there is no one who is recognized as
superior to him, and if they yieM
ld obedience to another they do it as
to a minister and official, and they do not bear him any particular
The examples of these two governments in our time are the Turk and the
King of France. The entire monarchy of the Turk is governed by one
lord, the others are his servants; and, dividing his kingdom into
sanjaks, he sends there different administrators, and shifts and
changes them as he chooses. But the King of France is placed in the
midst of an ancient body of lords, acknowledged by theirM
and beloved by them; they have their own prerogatives, nor can the king
take these away except at his peril. Therefore, he who considers both
of these states will recognize great difficulties in seizing the state
of the Turk, but, once it is conquered, great ease in holding it. The
causes of the difficulties in seizing the kingdom of the Turk are that
the usurper cannot be called in by the princes of the kingdom, nor can
he hope to be assisted in his designs by the revolt of those whom the
rd has around him. This arises from the reasons given above; for his
ministers, being all slaves and bondmen, can only be corrupted with
great difficulty, and one can expect little advantage from them when
they have been corrupted, as they cannot carry the people with them,
for the reasons assigned. Hence, he who attacks the Turk must bear in
mind that he will find him united, and he will have to rely more on his
own strength than on the revolt of others; but, if once the Turk has
been conquered, and routed M
in the field in such a way that he cannot
replace his armies, there is nothing to fear but the family of this
prince, and, this being exterminated, there remains no one to fear, the
others having no credit with the people; and as the conqueror did not
rely on them before his victory, so he ought not to fear them after it.
The contrary happens in kingdoms governed like that of France, because
one can easily enter there by gaining over some baron of the kingdom,
for one always finds malcontents and such as dM
esire a change. Such men,
for the reasons given, can open the way into the state and render the
victory easy; but if you wish to hold it afterwards, you meet with
infinite difficulties, both from those who have assisted you and from
those you have crushed. Nor is it enough for you to have exterminated
the family of the prince, because the lords that remain make themselves
the heads of fresh movements against you, and as you are unable either
to satisfy or exterminate them, that state is lost whenever time brM
Now if you will consider what was the nature of the government of
Darius, you will find it similar to the kingdom of the Turk, and
therefore it was only necessary for Alexander, first to overthrow him
in the field, and then to take the country from him. After which
victory, Darius being killed, the state remained secure to Alexander,
for the above reasons. And if his successors had been united they would
have enjoyed it securely and at their ease, for there were no tumults
the kingdom except those they provoked themselves.
But it is impossible to hold with such tranquillity states constituted
like that of France. Hence arose those frequent rebellions against the
Romans in Spain, France, and Greece, owing to the many principalities
there were in these states, of which, as long as the memory of them
endured, the Romans always held an insecure possession; but with the
power and long continuance of the empire the memory of them passed
away, and the Romans then became secure posM
sessors. And when fighting
afterwards amongst themselves, each one was able to attach to himself
his own parts of the country, according to the authority he had assumed
there; and the family of the former lord being exterminated, none other
than the Romans were acknowledged.
When these things are remembered no one will marvel at the ease with
which Alexander held the Empire of Asia, or at the difficulties which
others have had to keep an acquisition, such as Pyrrhus and many more;
this is not occasioned bM
y the little or abundance of ability in the
conqueror, but by the want of uniformity in the subject state.
HOW TO GOVERN CITIES AND PRINCIPALITIES THAT,
PRIOR TO BEING OCCUPIED, LIVED UNDER THEIR OWN LAWS
Whenever those states which have been acquired as stated have been
accustomed to live under their own laws and in freedom, there are three
courses for those who wish to hold them: the first is to ruin them, the
next is to reside there in person, the third is to permit them to live
their own laws, drawing a tribute, and establishing within it an
oligarchy which will keep it friendly to you. Because such a
government, being created by the prince, knows that it cannot stand
without his friendship and interest, and does its utmost to support
him; and therefore he who would keep a city accustomed to freedom will
hold it more easily by the means of its own citizens than in any other
There are, for example, the Spartans and the Romans. The Spartans held
Athens and Thebes, establishinM
g there an oligarchy: nevertheless they
lost them. The Romans, in order to hold Capua, Carthage, and Numantia,
dismantled them, and did not lose them. They wished to hold Greece as
the Spartans held it, making it free and permitting its laws, and did
not succeed. So to hold it they were compelled to dismantle many cities
in the country, for in truth there is no safe way to retain them
otherwise than by ruining them. And he who becomes master of a city
accustomed to freedom and does not destroy it, may expectM
destroyed by it, for in rebellion it has always the watchword of
liberty and its ancient privileges as a rallying point, which neither
time nor benefits will ever cause it to forget. And whatever you may do
or provide against, they never forget that name or their privileges
unless they are disunited or dispersed, but at every chance they
immediately rally to them, as Pisa after the hundred years she had been
held in bondage by the Florentines.
But when cities or countries are accustomed to live undM
his family is exterminated, they, being on the one hand accustomed to
obey and on the other hand not having the old prince, cannot agree in
making one from amongst themselves, and they do not know how to govern
themselves. For this reason they are very slow to take up arms, and a
prince can gain them to himself and secure them much more easily. But
in republics there is more vitality, greater hatred, and more desire
for vengeance, which will never permit them to allow the memory of
rmer liberty to rest; so that the safest way is to destroy them
CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES ACQUIRED BY ONE
S OWN ARMS AND ABILITY
Let no one be surprised if, in speaking of entirely new principalities
as I shall do, I adduce the highest examples both of prince and of
state; because men, walking almost always in paths beaten by others,
and following by imitation their deeds, are yet unable to keep entirely
to the ways of others or attain to the power of those theyM
wise man ought always to follow the paths beaten by great men, and to
imitate those who have been supreme, so that if his ability does not
equal theirs, at least it will savour of it. Let him act like the
clever archers who, designing to hit the mark which yet appears too far
distant, and knowing the limits to which the strength of their bow
attains, take aim much higher than the mark, not to reach by their
strength or arrow to so great a height, but to be able with the aid of
hit the mark they wish to reach.
I say, therefore, that in entirely new principalities, where there is a
new prince, more or less difficulty is found in keeping them,
accordingly as there is more or less ability in him who has acquired
the state. Now, as the fact of becoming a prince from a private station
presupposes either ability or fortune, it is clear that one or other of
these things will mitigate in some degree many difficulties.
Nevertheless, he who has relied least on fortune is established the
trongest. Further, it facilitates matters when the prince, having no
other state, is compelled to reside there in person.
But to come to those who, by their own ability and not through fortune,
have risen to be princes, I say that Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus,
and such like are the most excellent examples. And although one may not
discuss Moses, he having been a mere executor of the will of God, yet
he ought to be admired, if only for that favour which made him worthy
to speak with God. But in considerinM
g Cyrus and others who have
acquired or founded kingdoms, all will be found admirable; and if their
particular deeds and conduct shall be considered, they will not be
found inferior to those of Moses, although he had so great a preceptor.
And in examining their actions and lives one cannot see that they owed
anything to fortune beyond opportunity, which brought them the material
to mould into the form which seemed best to them. Without that
opportunity their powers of mind would have been extinguished, and
without those powers the opportunity would have come in vain.
It was necessary, therefore, to Moses that he should find the people of
Israel in Egypt enslaved and oppressed by the Egyptians, in order that
they should be disposed to follow him so as to be delivered out of
bondage. It was necessary that Romulus should not remain in Alba, and
that he should be abandoned at his birth, in order that he should
become King of Rome and founder of the fatherland. It was necessary
that Cyrus should find the PersiansM
discontented with the government of
the Medes, and the Medes soft and effeminate through their long peace.
Theseus could not have shown his ability had he not found the Athenians
dispersed. These opportunities, therefore, made those men fortunate,
and their high ability enabled them to recognize the opportunity
whereby their country was ennobled and made famous.
Those who by valorous ways become princes, like these men, acquire a
principality with difficulty, but they keep it with ease. The
they have in acquiring it rise in part from the new rules
and methods which they are forced to introduce to establish their
government and its security. And it ought to be remembered that there
is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or
more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the
introduction of a new order of things, because the innovator has for
enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions, and
lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under tM
coolness arises partly from fear of the opponents, who have the laws on
their side, and partly from the incredulity of men, who do not readily
believe in new things until they have had a long experience of them.
Thus it happens that whenever those who are hostile have the
opportunity to attack they do it like partisans, whilst the others
defend lukewarmly, in such wise that the prince is endangered along
It is necessary, therefore, if we desire to discuss this matter
o inquire whether these innovators can rely on themselves
or have to depend on others: that is to say, whether, to consummate
their enterprise, have they to use prayers or can they use force? In
the first instance they always succeed badly, and never compass
anything; but when they can rely on themselves and use force, then they
are rarely endangered. Hence it is that all armed prophets have
conquered, and the unarmed ones have been destroyed. Besides the
reasons mentioned, the nature of the people is variabM
is easy to persuade them, it is difficult to fix them in that
persuasion. And thus it is necessary to take such measures that, when
they believe no longer, it may be possible to make them believe by
If Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, and Romulus had been unarmed they could not
have enforced their constitutions for long
as happened in our time to
Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who was ruined with his new order of things
immediately the multitude believed in him no longer, and he had no
f keeping steadfast those who believed or of making the
unbelievers to believe. Therefore such as these have great difficulties
in consummating their enterprise, for all their dangers are in the
ascent, yet with ability they will overcome them; but when these are
overcome, and those who envied them their success are exterminated,
they will begin to be respected, and they will continue afterwards
powerful, secure, honoured, and happy.
To these great examples I wish to add a lesser one; still it bears some
resemblance to them, and I wish it to suffice me for all of a like
kind: it is Hiero the Syracusan. This man rose from a private
station to be Prince of Syracuse, nor did he, either, owe anything to
fortune but opportunity; for the Syracusans, being oppressed, chose him
for their captain, afterwards he was rewarded by being made their
prince. He was of so great ability, even as a private citizen, that one
who writes of him says he wanted nothing but a kingdom to be a king.
This man abolished the old soldieryM
, organized the new, gave up old
alliances, made new ones; and as he had his own soldiers and allies, on
such foundations he was able to build any edifice: thus, whilst he had
endured much trouble in acquiring, he had but little in keeping.
CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES ACQUIRED WITH
THE ARMS AND FORTUNES OF OTHERS
Those who solely by good fortune become princes from being private
citizens have little trouble in rising, but much in keeping atop; they
have not any difficulties on the wayM
up, because they fly, but they
have many when they reach the summit. Such are those to whom some state
is given either for money or by the favour of him who bestows it; as
happened to many in Greece, in the cities of Ionia and of the
Hellespont, where princes were made by Darius, in order that they might
hold the cities both for his security and his glory; as also were those
emperors who, by the corruption of the soldiers, from being citizens
came to empire. Such stand simply elevated upon the goodwill and M
fortune of him who has elevated them
two most inconstant and unstable
things. Neither have they the knowledge requisite for the position;
because, unless they are men of great worth and ability, it is not
reasonable to expect that they should know how to command, having
always lived in a private condition; besides, they cannot hold it
because they have not forces which they can keep friendly and faithful.
States that rise unexpectedly, then, like all other things in nature
which are born and grow raM
pidly, cannot leave their foundations and
correspondencies fixed in such a way that the first storm will not
overthrow them; unless, as is said, those who unexpectedly become
princes are men of so much ability that they know they have to be
prepared at once to hold that which fortune has thrown into their laps,
and that those foundations, which others have laid _before_ they became
princes, they must lay _afterwards_.
Concerning these two methods of rising to be a prince by ability or
fortune, I wish to aM
dduce two examples within our own recollection, and
these are Francesco Sforza and Cesare Borgia. Francesco, by proper
means and with great ability, from being a private person rose to be
Duke of Milan, and that which he had acquired with a thousand anxieties
he kept with little trouble. On the other hand, Cesare Borgia, called
by the people Duke Valentino, acquired his state during the ascendancy
of his father, and on its decline he lost it, notwithstanding that he
had taken every measure and done all that M
ought to be done by a wise
and able man to fix firmly his roots in the states which the arms and
fortunes of others had bestowed on him.
Because, as is stated above, he who has not first laid his foundations
may be able with great ability to lay them afterwards, but they will be
laid with trouble to the architect and danger to the building. If,
therefore, all the steps taken by the duke be considered, it will be
seen that he laid solid foundations for his future power, and I do not
consider it superfluousM
to discuss them, because I do not know what
better precepts to give a new prince than the example of his actions;
and if his dispositions were of no avail, that was not his fault, but
the extraordinary and extreme malignity of fortune.
Alexander the Sixth, in wishing to aggrandize the duke, his son, had
many immediate and prospective difficulties. Firstly, he did not see
his way to make him master of any state that was not a state of the
Church; and if he was willing to rob the Church he knew that the DukM
of Milan and the Venetians would not consent, because Faenza and Rimini
were already under the protection of the Venetians. Besides this, he
saw the arms of Italy, especially those by which he might have been
assisted, in hands that would fear the aggrandizement of the Pope,
namely, the Orsini and the Colonnesi and their following. It behoved
him, therefore, to upset this state of affairs and embroil the powers,
so as to make himself securely master of part of their states. This was
easy for him to do, beM
cause he found the Venetians, moved by other
reasons, inclined to bring back the French into Italy; he would not
only not oppose this, but he would render it more easy by dissolving
the former marriage of King Louis. Therefore the king came into Italy
with the assistance of the Venetians and the consent of Alexander. He
was no sooner in Milan than the Pope had soldiers from him for the
attempt on the Romagna, which yielded to him on the reputation of the
king. The duke, therefore, having acquired the RomagnaM
Colonnesi, while wishing to hold that and to advance further, was
hindered by two things: the one, his forces did not appear loyal to
him, the other, the goodwill of France: that is to say, he feared that
the forces of the Orsini, which he was using, would not stand to him,
that not only might they hinder him from winning more, but might
themselves seize what he had won, and that the king might also do the
same. Of the Orsini he had a warning when, after taking Faenza and
attacking Bologna, M
he saw them go very unwillingly to that attack. And
as to the king, he learned his mind when he himself, after taking the
Duchy of Urbino, attacked Tuscany, and the king made him desist from
that undertaking; hence the duke decided to depend no more upon the
arms and the luck of others.
For the first thing he weakened the Orsini and Colonnesi parties in
Rome, by gaining to himself all their adherents who were gentlemen,
making them his gentlemen, giving them good pay, and, according to
their rank, honouriM
ng them with office and command in such a way that
in a few months all attachment to the factions was destroyed and turned
entirely to the duke. After this he awaited an opportunity to crush the
Orsini, having scattered the adherents of the Colonna house. This came
to him soon and he used it well; for the Orsini, perceiving at length
that the aggrandizement of the duke and the Church was ruin to them,
called a meeting of the Magione in Perugia. From this sprung the
rebellion at Urbino and the tumults in the M
Romagna, with endless
dangers to the duke, all of which he overcame with the help of the
French. Having restored his authority, not to leave it at risk by
trusting either to the French or other outside forces, he had recourse
to his wiles, and he knew so well how to conceal his mind that, by the
mediation of Signor Pagolo
whom the duke did not fail to secure with
all kinds of attention, giving him money, apparel, and horses
Orsini were reconciled, so that their simplicity brought them into his
at Sinigalia. Having exterminated the leaders, and turned
their partisans into his friends, the duke laid sufficiently good
foundations to his power, having all the Romagna and the Duchy of
Urbino; and the people now beginning to appreciate their prosperity, he
gained them all over to himself. And as this point is worthy of notice,
and to be imitated by others, I am not willing to leave it out.
When the duke occupied the Romagna he found it under the rule of weak
masters, who rather plundered their subjecM
ts than ruled them, and gave
them more cause for disunion than for union, so that the country was
full of robbery, quarrels, and every kind of violence; and so, wishing
to bring back peace and obedience to authority, he considered it
necessary to give it a good governor. Thereupon he promoted Messer
Orco, a swift and cruel man, to whom he gave the fullest
power. This man in a short time restored peace and unity with the
greatest success. Afterwards the duke considered that it was not
confer such excessive authority, for he had no doubt but
that he would become odious, so he set up a court of judgment in the
country, under a most excellent president, wherein all cities had their
advocates. And because he knew that the past severity had caused some
hatred against himself, so, to clear himself in the minds of the
people, and gain them entirely to himself, he desired to show that, if
any cruelty had been practised, it had not originated with him, but in
the natural sternness of the ministerM
. Under this pretence he took
Ramiro, and one morning caused him to be executed and left on the
piazza at Cesena with the block and a bloody knife at his side. The
barbarity of this spectacle caused the people to be at once satisfied
But let us return whence we started. I say that the duke, finding
himself now sufficiently powerful and partly secured from immediate
dangers by having armed himself in his own way, and having in a great
measure crushed those forces in his vicinity that could inM
he wished to proceed with his conquest, had next to consider France,
for he knew that the king, who too late was aware of his mistake, would
not support him. And from this time he began to seek new alliances and
to temporize with France in the expedition which she was making towards
the kingdom of Naples against the Spaniards who were besieging Gaeta.
It was his intention to secure himself against them, and this he would
have quickly accomplished had Alexander lived.
Such was his line of actioM
n as to present affairs. But as to the future
he had to fear, in the first place, that a new successor to the Church
might not be friendly to him and might seek to take from him that which
Alexander had given him, so he decided to act in four ways. Firstly, by
exterminating the families of those lords whom he had despoiled, so as
to take away that pretext from the Pope. Secondly, by winning to
himself all the gentlemen of Rome, so as to be able to curb the Pope
with their aid, as has been observed. Thirdly, M
college more to himself. Fourthly, by acquiring so much power before
the Pope should die that he could by his own measures resist the first
shock. Of these four things, at the death of Alexander, he had
accomplished three. For he had killed as many of the dispossessed lords
as he could lay hands on, and few had escaped; he had won over the
Roman gentlemen, and he had the most numerous party in the college. And
as to any fresh acquisition, he intended to become master of Tuscany,
eady possessed Perugia and Piombino, and Pisa was under his
protection. And as he had no longer to study France (for the French
were already driven out of the kingdom of Naples by the Spaniards, and
in this way both were compelled to buy his goodwill), he pounced down
upon Pisa. After this, Lucca and Siena yielded at once, partly through
hatred and partly through fear of the Florentines; and the Florentines
would have had no remedy had he continued to prosper, as he was
prospering the year that Alexander dieM
d, for he had acquired so much
power and reputation that he would have stood by himself, and no longer
have depended on the luck and the forces of others, but solely on his
own power and ability.
But Alexander died five years after he had first drawn the sword. He
left the duke with the state of Romagna alone consolidated, with the
rest in the air, between two most powerful hostile armies, and sick
unto death. Yet there were in the duke such boldness and ability, and
he knew so well how men are to be won M
or lost, and so firm were the
foundations which in so short a time he had laid, that if he had not
had those armies on his back, or if he had been in good health, he
would have overcome all difficulties. And it is seen that his
foundations were good, for the Romagna awaited him for more than a
month. In Rome, although but half alive, he remained secure; and whilst
the Baglioni, the Vitelli, and the Orsini might come to Rome, they
could not effect anything against him. If he could not have made Pope
he wished, at least the one whom he did not wish would not
have been elected. But if he had been in sound health at the death of
Alexander, everything would have been different to him. On the day
that Julius the Second was elected, he told me that he had thought
of everything that might occur at the death of his father, and had
provided a remedy for all, except that he had never anticipated that,
when the death did happen, he himself would be on the point to die.
When all the actions of the duke are recalM
led, I do not know how to
blame him, but rather it appears to be, as I have said, that I ought to
offer him for imitation to all those who, by the fortune or the arms of
others, are raised to government. Because he, having a lofty spirit and
far-reaching aims, could not have regulated his conduct otherwise, and
only the shortness of the life of Alexander and his own sickness
frustrated his designs. Therefore, he who considers it necessary to
secure himself in his new principality, to win friends, to overcomeM
either by force or fraud, to make himself beloved and feared by the
people, to be followed and revered by the soldiers, to exterminate
those who have power or reason to hurt him, to change the old order of
things for new, to be severe and gracious, magnanimous and liberal, to
destroy a disloyal soldiery and to create new, to maintain friendship
with kings and princes in such a way that they must help him with zeal
and offend with caution, cannot find a more lively example than the
actions of this man.
nly can he be blamed for the election of Julius the Second, in whom he
made a bad choice, because, as is said, not being able to elect a Pope
to his own mind, he could have hindered any other from being elected
Pope; and he ought never to have consented to the election of any
cardinal whom he had injured or who had cause to fear him if they
became pontiffs. For men injure either from fear or hatred. Those whom
he had injured, amongst others, were San Pietro ad Vincula, Colonna,
San Giorgio, and Ascanio. The M
rest, in becoming Pope, had to fear
him, Rouen and the Spaniards excepted; the latter from their
relationship and obligations, the former from his influence, the
kingdom of France having relations with him. Therefore, above
everything, the duke ought to have created a Spaniard Pope, and,
failing him, he ought to have consented to Rouen and not San Pietro ad
Vincula. He who believes that new benefits will cause great personages
to forget old injuries is deceived. Therefore, the duke erred in his
it was the cause of his ultimate ruin.
CONCERNING THOSE WHO HAVE OBTAINED A PRINCIPALITY BY WICKEDNESS
Although a prince may rise from a private station in two ways, neither
of which can be entirely attributed to fortune or genius, yet it is
manifest to me that I must not be silent on them, although one could be
more copiously treated when I discuss republics. These methods are
when, either by some wicked or nefarious ways, one ascends to the
principality, or when by the favour of his fM
ellow-citizens a private
person becomes the prince of his country. And speaking of the first
method, it will be illustrated by two examples
one ancient, the other
and without entering further into the subject, I consider these
two examples will suffice those who may be compelled to follow them.
Agathocles, the Sicilian, became King of Syracuse not only from a
private but from a low and abject position. This man, the son of a
potter, through all the changes in his fortunes always led an infamous
life. Nevertheless, he accompanied his infamies with so much ability of
mind and body that, having devoted himself to the military profession,
he rose through its ranks to be Praetor of Syracuse. Being established
in that position, and having deliberately resolved to make himself
prince and to seize by violence, without obligation to others, that
which had been conceded to him by assent, he came to an understanding
for this purpose with Amilcar, the Carthaginian, who, with his army,
was fighting in Sicily. M
One morning he assembled the people and the
senate of Syracuse, as if he had to discuss with them things relating
to the Republic, and at a given signal the soldiers killed all the
senators and the richest of the people; these dead, he seized and held
the princedom of that city without any civil commotion. And although he
was twice routed by the Carthaginians, and ultimately besieged, yet not
only was he able to defend his city, but leaving part of his men for
its defence, with the others he attacked Africa,M
and in a short time
raised the siege of Syracuse. The Carthaginians, reduced to extreme
necessity, were compelled to come to terms with Agathocles, and,
leaving Sicily to him, had to be content with the possession of Africa.
Therefore, he who considers the actions and the genius of this man will
see nothing, or little, which can be attributed to fortune, inasmuch as
he attained pre-eminence, as is shown above, not by the favour of any
one, but step by step in the military profession, which steps were
ned with a thousand troubles and perils, and were afterwards boldly
held by him with many hazardous dangers. Yet it cannot be called talent
to slay fellow-citizens, to deceive friends, to be without faith,
without mercy, without religion; such methods may gain empire, but not
glory. Still, if the courage of Agathocles in entering into and
extricating himself from dangers be considered, together with his
greatness of mind in enduring and overcoming hardships, it cannot be
seen why he should be esteemed less tM
han the most notable captain.
Nevertheless, his barbarous cruelty and inhumanity with infinite
wickedness do not permit him to be celebrated among the most excellent
men. What he achieved cannot be attributed either to fortune or genius.
In our times, during the rule of Alexander the Sixth, Oliverotto da
Fermo, having been left an orphan many years before, was brought up by
his maternal uncle, Giovanni Fogliani, and in the early days of his
youth sent to fight under Pagolo Vitelli, that, being trained undeM
discipline, he might attain some high position in the military
profession. After Pagolo died, he fought under his brother Vitellozzo,
and in a very short time, being endowed with wit and a vigorous body
and mind, he became the first man in his profession. But it appearing a
paltry thing to serve under others, he resolved, with the aid of some
citizens of Fermo, to whom the slavery of their country was dearer than
its liberty, and with the help of the Vitelleschi, to seize Fermo. So
he wrote to GiovannM
i Fogliani that, having been away from home for many
years, he wished to visit him and his city, and in some measure to look
upon his patrimony; and although he had not laboured to acquire
anything except honour, yet, in order that the citizens should see he
had not spent his time in vain, he desired to come honourably, so would
be accompanied by one hundred horsemen, his friends and retainers; and
he entreated Giovanni to arrange that he should be received honourably
by the Fermians, all of which would be nM
ot only to his honour, but also
to that of Giovanni himself, who had brought him up.
Giovanni, therefore, did not fail in any attentions due to his nephew,
and he caused him to be honourably received by the Fermians, and he
lodged him in his own house, where, having passed some days, and having
arranged what was necessary for his wicked designs, Oliverotto gave a
solemn banquet to which he invited Giovanni Fogliani and the chiefs of
Fermo. When the viands and all the other entertainments that are usual
such banquets were finished, Oliverotto artfully began certain grave
discourses, speaking of the greatness of Pope Alexander and his son
Cesare, and of their enterprises, to which discourse Giovanni and
others answered; but he rose at once, saying that such matters ought to
be discussed in a more private place, and he betook himself to a
chamber, whither Giovanni and the rest of the citizens went in after
him. No sooner were they seated than soldiers issued from secret places
and slaughtered Giovanni and thM
e rest. After these murders Oliverotto,
mounted on horseback, rode up and down the town and besieged the chief
magistrate in the palace, so that in fear the people were forced to
obey him, and to form a government, of which he made himself the
prince. He killed all the malcontents who were able to injure him, and
strengthened himself with new civil and military ordinances, in such a
way that, in the year during which he held the principality, not only
was he secure in the city of Fermo, but he had become forM
his neighbours. And his destruction would have been as difficult as
that of Agathocles if he had not allowed himself to be overreached by
Cesare Borgia, who took him with the Orsini and Vitelli at Sinigalia,
as was stated above. Thus one year after he had committed this
parricide, he was strangled, together with Vitellozzo, whom he had made
his leader in valour and wickedness.
Some may wonder how it can happen that Agathocles, and his like, after
infinite treacheries and cruelties, should lM
ive for long secure in his
country, and defend himself from external enemies, and never be
conspired against by his own citizens; seeing that many others, by
means of cruelty, have never been able even in peaceful times to hold
the state, still less in the doubtful times of war. I believe that this
follows from severities being badly or properly used. Those may be
called properly used, if of evil it is possible to speak well, that are
applied at one blow and are necessary to one
s security, and that are
ot persisted in afterwards unless they can be turned to the advantage
of the subjects. The badly employed are those which, notwithstanding
they may be few in the commencement, multiply with time rather than
decrease. Those who practise the first system are able, by aid of God
or man, to mitigate in some degree their rule, as Agathocles did. It is
impossible for those who follow the other to maintain themselves.
Hence it is to be remarked that, in seizing a state, the usurper ought
to examine closely into aM
ll those injuries which it is necessary for
him to inflict, and to do them all at one stroke so as not to have to
repeat them daily; and thus by not unsettling men he will be able to
reassure them, and win them to himself by benefits. He who does
otherwise, either from timidity or evil advice, is always compelled to
keep the knife in his hand; neither can he rely on his subjects, nor
can they attach themselves to him, owing to their continued and
repeated wrongs. For injuries ought to be done all at one timeM
that, being tasted less, they offend less; benefits ought to be given
little by little, so that the flavour of them may last longer.
And above all things, a prince ought to live amongst his people in such
a way that no unexpected circumstances, whether of good or evil, shall
make him change; because if the necessity for this comes in troubled
times, you are too late for harsh measures; and mild ones will not help
you, for they will be considered as forced from you, and no one will be
tion to you for them.
CONCERNING A CIVIL PRINCIPALITY
But coming to the other point
where a leading citizen becomes the
prince of his country, not by wickedness or any intolerable violence,
but by the favour of his fellow citizens
this may be called a civil
principality: nor is genius or fortune altogether necessary to attain
to it, but rather a happy shrewdness. I say then that such a
principality is obtained either by the favour of the people or by the
favour of the nobles. BecauseM
in all cities these two distinct parties
are found, and from this it arises that the people do not wish to be
ruled nor oppressed by the nobles, and the nobles wish to rule and
oppress the people; and from these two opposite desires there arises in
cities one of three results, either a principality, self-government, or
A principality is created either by the people or by the nobles,
accordingly as one or other of them has the opportunity; for the
nobles, seeing they cannot withstand the people, M
reputation of one of themselves, and they make him a prince, so that
under his shadow they can give vent to their ambitions. The people,
finding they cannot resist the nobles, also cry up the reputation of
one of themselves, and make him a prince so as to be defended by his
authority. He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles
maintains himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the
aid of the people, because the former finds himself with many around
consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can
neither rule nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches
sovereignty by popular favour finds himself alone, and has none around
him, or few, who are not prepared to obey him.
Besides this, one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others,
satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is
more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress,
while the former only desire not to be oppressed. It is M
also that a prince can never secure himself against a hostile people,
because of there being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure
himself, as they are few in number. The worst that a prince may expect
from a hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from hostile
nobles he has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will
rise against him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and
astute, always come forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain
him whom they expect to prevail. Further, the prince is
compelled to live always with the same people, but he can do well
without the same nobles, being able to make and unmake them daily, and
to give or take away authority when it pleases him.
Therefore, to make this point clearer, I say that the nobles ought to
be looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say, they either shape
their course in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune, or
they do not. Those who so bind themselves, and are not rapaM
to be honoured and loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt
with in two ways; they may fail to do this through pusillanimity and a
natural want of courage, in which case you ought to make use of them,
especially of those who are of good counsel; and thus, whilst in
prosperity you honour them, in adversity you do not have to fear them.
But when for their own ambitious ends they shun binding themselves, it
is a token that they are giving more thought to themselves than to you,
rince ought to guard against such, and to fear them as if they
were open enemies, because in adversity they always help to ruin him.
Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they only
ask not to be oppressed by him. But one who, in opposition to the
people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above
everything, to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may
easily do if he takes them under M
his protection. Because men, when they
receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more
closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more
devoted to him than if he had been raised to the principality by their
favours; and the prince can win their affections in many ways, but as
these vary according to the circumstances one cannot give fixed rules,
so I omit them; but, I repeat, it is necessary for a prince to have the
people friendly, otherwise he has no security in adverM
Nabis, Prince of the Spartans, sustained the attack of all Greece,
and of a victorious Roman army, and against them he defended his
country and his government; and for the overcoming of this peril it was
only necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this
would not have been sufficient had the people been hostile. And do not
let any one impugn this statement with the trite proverb that
builds on the people, builds on the mud,
for this is true when a
private citizen makM
es a foundation there, and persuades himself that
the people will free him when he is oppressed by his enemies or by the
magistrates; wherein he would find himself very often deceived, as
happened to the Gracchi in Rome and to Messer Giorgio Scali in
Florence. But granted a prince who has established himself as above,
who can command, and is a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who
does not fail in other qualifications, and who, by his resolution and
energy, keeps the whole people encouraged
himself deceived in them, and it will be shown that he has laid his
These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from
the civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either
rule personally or through magistrates. In the latter case their
government is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on
the goodwill of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and
who, especially in troubled times, can destroy the government M
great ease, either by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not
the chance amid tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the
citizens and subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates,
are not of a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will
always be in doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust. For
such a prince cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when
citizens have need of the state, because then every one agrees with
him; they all promise, M
and when death is far distant they all wish to
die for him; but in troubled times, when the state has need of its
citizens, then he finds but few. And so much the more is this
experiment dangerous, inasmuch as it can only be tried once. Therefore
a wise prince ought to adopt such a course that his citizens will
always in every sort and kind of circumstance have need of the state
and of him, and then he will always find them faithful.
HOW THE STRENGTH OF ALL PRINCIPALITIES SHOULD BE MEASURED
It is necessary to consider another point in examining the character of
these principalities: that is, whether a prince has such power that, in
case of need, he can support himself with his own resources, or whether
he has always need of the assistance of others. And to make this quite
clear I say that I consider those who are able to support themselves by
their own resources who can, either by abundance of men or money, raise
a sufficient army to join battle against any one who comes to attack
I consider those always to have need of others who cannot
show themselves against the enemy in the field, but are forced to
defend themselves by sheltering behind walls. The first case has been
discussed, but we will speak of it again should it recur. In the second
case one can say nothing except to encourage such princes to provision
and fortify their towns, and not on any account to defend the country.
And whoever shall fortify his town well, and shall have managed the
other concerns of his subjects in theM
way stated above, and to be often
repeated, will never be attacked without great caution, for men are
always adverse to enterprises where difficulties can be seen, and it
will be seen not to be an easy thing to attack one who has his town
well fortified, and is not hated by his people.
The cities of Germany are absolutely free, they own but little country
around them, and they yield obedience to the emperor when it suits
them, nor do they fear this or any other power they may have near them,
are fortified in such a way that every one thinks the
taking of them by assault would be tedious and difficult, seeing they
have proper ditches and walls, they have sufficient artillery, and they
always keep in public depots enough for one year
and firing. And beyond this, to keep the people quiet and without loss
to the state, they always have the means of giving work to the
community in those labours that are the life and strength of the city,
and on the pursuit of which the people aM
re supported; they also hold
military exercises in repute, and moreover have many ordinances to
Therefore, a prince who has a strong city, and had not made himself
odious, will not be attacked, or if any one should attack he will only
be driven off with disgrace; again, because that the affairs of this
world are so changeable, it is almost impossible to keep an army a
whole year in the field without being interfered with. And whoever
should reply: If the people have property outside the city,M
burnt, they will not remain patient, and the long siege and
self-interest will make them forget their prince; to this I answer that
a powerful and courageous prince will overcome all such difficulties by
giving at one time hope to his subjects that the evil will not be for
long, at another time fear of the cruelty of the enemy, then preserving
himself adroitly from those subjects who seem to him to be too bold.
Further, the enemy would naturally on his arrival at once burn and ruin
at the time when the spirits of the people are still hot
and ready for the defence; and, therefore, so much the less ought the
prince to hesitate; because after a time, when spirits have cooled, the
damage is already done, the ills are incurred, and there is no longer
any remedy; and therefore they are so much the more ready to unite with
their prince, he appearing to be under obligations to them now that
their houses have been burnt and their possessions ruined in his
defence. For it is the nature of men tM
o be bound by the benefits they
confer as much as by those they receive. Therefore, if everything is
well considered, it will not be difficult for a wise prince to keep the
minds of his citizens steadfast from first to last, when he does not
fail to support and defend them.
CONCERNING ECCLESIASTICAL PRINCIPALITIES
It only remains now to speak of ecclesiastical principalities, touching
which all difficulties are prior to getting possession, because they
are acquired either by capacity or M
good fortune, and they can be held
without either; for they are sustained by the ancient ordinances of
religion, which are so all-powerful, and of such a character that the
principalities may be held no matter how their princes behave and live.
These princes alone have states and do not defend them; and they have
subjects and do not rule them; and the states, although unguarded, are
not taken from them, and the subjects, although not ruled, do not care,
and they have neither the desire nor the ability to aliM
themselves. Such principalities only are secure and happy. But being
upheld by powers, to which the human mind cannot reach, I shall speak
no more of them, because, being exalted and maintained by God, it would
be the act of a presumptuous and rash man to discuss them.
Nevertheless, if any one should ask of me how comes it that the Church
has attained such greatness in temporal power, seeing that from
Alexander backwards the Italian potentates (not only those who have
been called potentates, but eveM
ry baron and lord, though the smallest)
have valued the temporal power very slightly
yet now a king of France
trembles before it, and it has been able to drive him from Italy, and
to ruin the Venetians
although this may be very manifest, it does not
appear to me superfluous to recall it in some measure to memory.
Before Charles, King of France, passed into Italy, this country was
under the dominion of the Pope, the Venetians, the King of Naples, the
Duke of Milan, and the Florentines. These potentates M
anxieties: the one, that no foreigner should enter Italy under arms;
the other, that none of themselves should seize more territory. Those
about whom there was the most anxiety were the Pope and the Venetians.
To restrain the Venetians the union of all the others was necessary, as
it was for the defence of Ferrara; and to keep down the Pope they made
use of the barons of Rome, who, being divided into two factions, Orsini
and Colonnesi, had always a pretext for disorder, and, standing with
arms in their hands under the eyes of the Pontiff, kept the pontificate
weak and powerless. And although there might arise sometimes a
courageous pope, such as Sixtus, yet neither fortune nor wisdom could
rid him of these annoyances. And the short life of a pope is also a
cause of weakness; for in the ten years, which is the average life of a
pope, he can with difficulty lower one of the factions; and if, so to
speak, one people should almost destroy the Colonnesi, another would
arise hostile to the Orsini, M
who would support their opponents, and yet
would not have time to ruin the Orsini. This was the reason why the
temporal powers of the pope were little esteemed in Italy.
Alexander the Sixth arose afterwards, who of all the pontiffs that have
ever been showed how a pope with both money and arms was able to
prevail; and through the instrumentality of the Duke Valentino, and by
reason of the entry of the French, he brought about all those things
which I have discussed above in the actions of the duke. And altM
his intention was not to aggrandize the Church, but the duke,
nevertheless, what he did contributed to the greatness of the Church,
which, after his death and the ruin of the duke, became the heir to all
Pope Julius came afterwards and found the Church strong, possessing all
the Romagna, the barons of Rome reduced to impotence, and, through the
chastisements of Alexander, the factions wiped out; he also found the
way open to accumulate money in a manner such as had never been
s time. Such things Julius not only
followed, but improved upon, and he intended to gain Bologna, to ruin
the Venetians, and to drive the French out of Italy. All of these
enterprises prospered with him, and so much the more to his credit,
inasmuch as he did everything to strengthen the Church and not any
private person. He kept also the Orsini and Colonnesi factions within
the bounds in which he found them; and although there was among them
some mind to make disturbance, nevertheless he M
held two things firm:
the one, the greatness of the Church, with which he terrified them; and
the other, not allowing them to have their own cardinals, who caused
the disorders among them. For whenever these factions have their
cardinals they do not remain quiet for long, because cardinals foster
the factions in Rome and out of it, and the barons are compelled to
support them, and thus from the ambitions of prelates arise disorders
and tumults among the barons. For these reasons his Holiness Pope
the pontificate most powerful, and it is to be hoped that,
if others made it great in arms, he will make it still greater and more
venerated by his goodness and infinite other virtues.
CONCERNING VARIOUS TYPES OF TROOPS, AND ESPECIALLY MERCENARIES
Having discoursed particularly on the characteristics of such
principalities as in the beginning I proposed to discuss, and having
considered in some degree the causes of there being good or bad, and
having shown the methods by which many havM
e sought to acquire them and
to hold them, it now remains for me to discuss generally the means of
offence and defence which belong to each of them.
We have seen above how necessary it is for a prince to have his
foundations well laid, otherwise it follows of necessity he will go to
ruin. The chief foundations of all states, new as well as old or
composite, are good laws and good arms; and as there cannot be good
laws where the state is not well armed, it follows that where they are
well armed they have gM
ood laws. I shall leave the laws out of the
discussion and shall speak of the arms.
I say, therefore, that the arms with which a prince defends his state
are either his own, or they are mercenaries, auxiliaries, or mixed.
Mercenaries and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous; and if one holds
his state based on these arms, he will stand neither firm nor safe; for
they are disunited, ambitious, and without discipline, unfaithful,
valiant before friends, cowardly before enemies; they have neither the
f God nor fidelity to men, and destruction is deferred only so
long as the attack is; for in peace one is robbed by them, and in war
by the enemy. The fact is, they have no other attraction or reason for
keeping the field than a trifle of stipend, which is not sufficient to
make them willing to die for you. They are ready enough to be your
soldiers whilst you do not make war, but if war comes they take
themselves off or run from the foe; which I should have little trouble
to prove, for the ruin of Italy has M
been caused by nothing else than by
resting all her hopes for many years on mercenaries, and although they
formerly made some display and appeared valiant amongst themselves, yet
when the foreigners came they showed what they were. Thus it was that
Charles, King of France, was allowed to seize Italy with chalk in
hand; and he who told us that our sins were the cause of it told the
truth, but they were not the sins he imagined, but those which I have
related. And as they were the sins of princes, it is the prM
have also suffered the penalty.
I wish to demonstrate further the infelicity of these arms. The
mercenary captains are either capable men or they are not; if they are,
you cannot trust them, because they always aspire to their own
greatness, either by oppressing you, who are their master, or others
contrary to your intentions; but if the captain is not skilful, you are
ruined in the usual way.
And if it be urged that whoever is armed will act in the same way,
whether mercenary or not, I replyM
that when arms have to be resorted
to, either by a prince or a republic, then the prince ought to go in
person and perform the duty of a captain; the republic has to send its
citizens, and when one is sent who does not turn out satisfactorily, it
ought to recall him, and when one is worthy, to hold him by the laws so
that he does not leave the command. And experience has shown princes
and republics, single-handed, making the greatest progress, and
mercenaries doing nothing except damage; and it is more diffM
bring a republic, armed with its own arms, under the sway of one of its
citizens than it is to bring one armed with foreign arms. Rome and
Sparta stood for many ages armed and free. The Switzers are completely
armed and quite free.
Of ancient mercenaries, for example, there are the Carthaginians, who
were oppressed by their mercenary soldiers after the first war with the
Romans, although the Carthaginians had their own citizens for captains.
After the death of Epaminondas, Philip of Macedon was mM
their soldiers by the Thebans, and after victory he took away their
Duke Filippo being dead, the Milanese enlisted Francesco Sforza against
the Venetians, and he, having overcome the enemy at Caravaggio,
allied himself with them to crush the Milanese, his masters. His
father, Sforza, having been engaged by Queen Johanna of Naples, left
her unprotected, so that she was forced to throw herself into the arms
of the King of Aragon, in order to save her kingdom. And if the
d Florentines formerly extended their dominions by these
arms, and yet their captains did not make themselves princes, but have
defended them, I reply that the Florentines in this case have been
favoured by chance, for of the able captains, of whom they might have
stood in fear, some have not conquered, some have been opposed, and
others have turned their ambitions elsewhere. One who did not conquer
was Giovanni Acuto, and since he did not conquer his fidelity cannot
be proved; but every one will acknowledgeM
that, had he conquered, the
Florentines would have stood at his discretion. Sforza had the
Bracceschi always against him, so they watched each other. Francesco
turned his ambition to Lombardy; Braccio against the Church and the
kingdom of Naples. But let us come to that which happened a short while
ago. The Florentines appointed as their captain Pagolo Vitelli, a most
prudent man, who from a private position had risen to the greatest
renown. If this man had taken Pisa, nobody can deny that it would have
en proper for the Florentines to keep in with him, for if he became
the soldier of their enemies they had no means of resisting, and if
they held to him they must obey him. The Venetians, if their
achievements are considered, will be seen to have acted safely and
gloriously so long as they sent to war their own men, when with armed
gentlemen and plebians they did valiantly. This was before they turned
to enterprises on land, but when they began to fight on land they
forsook this virtue and followed the custoM
m of Italy. And in the
beginning of their expansion on land, through not having much
territory, and because of their great reputation, they had not much to
fear from their captains; but when they expanded, as under
Carmignuola, they had a taste of this mistake; for, having found him
a most valiant man (they beat the Duke of Milan under his leadership),
and, on the other hand, knowing how lukewarm he was in the war, they
feared they would no longer conquer under him, and for this reason they
, nor were they able, to let him go; and so, not to
lose again that which they had acquired, they were compelled, in order
to secure themselves, to murder him. They had afterwards for their
captains Bartolomeo da Bergamo, Roberto da San Severino, the count of
Pitigliano, and the like, under whom they had to dread loss and not
gain, as happened afterwards at Vaila, where in one battle they lost
that which in eight hundred years they had acquired with so much
trouble. Because from such arms conquests come but M
slowly, long delayed
and inconsiderable, but the losses sudden and portentous.
And as with these examples I have reached Italy, which has been ruled
for many years by mercenaries, I wish to discuss them more seriously,
in order that, having seen their rise and progress, one may be better
prepared to counteract them. You must understand that the empire has
recently come to be repudiated in Italy, that the Pope has acquired
more temporal power, and that Italy has been divided up into more
ason that many of the great cities took up arms
against their nobles, who, formerly favoured by the emperor, were
oppressing them, whilst the Church was favouring them so as to gain
authority in temporal power: in many others their citizens became
princes. From this it came to pass that Italy fell partly into the
hands of the Church and of republics, and, the Church consisting of
priests and the republic of citizens unaccustomed to arms, both
commenced to enlist foreigners.
The first who gave renown to thM
is soldiery was Alberigo da Conio,
the Romagnian. From the school of this man sprang, among others,
Braccio and Sforza, who in their time were the arbiters of Italy. After
these came all the other captains who till now have directed the arms
of Italy; and the end of all their valour has been, that she has been
overrun by Charles, robbed by Louis, ravaged by Ferdinand, and insulted
by the Switzers. The principle that has guided them has been, first, to
lower the credit of infantry so that they might increase M
They did this because, subsisting on their pay and without territory,
they were unable to support many soldiers, and a few infantry did not
give them any authority; so they were led to employ cavalry, with a
moderate force of which they were maintained and honoured; and affairs
were brought to such a pass that, in an army of twenty thousand
soldiers, there were not to be found two thousand foot soldiers. They
had, besides this, used every art to lessen fatigue and danger to
themselves and their sM
oldiers, not killing in the fray, but taking
prisoners and liberating without ransom. They did not attack towns at
night, nor did the garrisons of the towns attack encampments at night;
they did not surround the camp either with stockade or ditch, nor did
they campaign in the winter. All these things were permitted by their
military rules, and devised by them to avoid, as I have said, both
fatigue and dangers; thus they have brought Italy to slavery and
CONCERNING AUXILIARIES,M
MIXED SOLDIERY, AND NATIVE FORCES
Auxiliaries, which are the other useless arm, are employed when a
prince is called in with his forces to aid and defend, as was done by
Pope Julius in the most recent times; for he, having, in the enterprise
against Ferrara, had poor proof of his mercenaries, turned to
auxiliaries, and stipulated with Ferdinand, King of Spain, for his
assistance with men and arms. These arms may be useful and good in
themselves, but for him who calls them in they are always
us; for losing, one is undone, and winning, one is their
And although ancient histories may be full of examples, I do not wish
to leave this recent one of Pope Julius the Second, the peril of which
cannot fail to be perceived; for he, wishing to get Ferrara, threw
himself entirely into the hands of the foreigner. But his good fortune
brought about a third event, so that he did not reap the fruit of his
rash choice; because, having his auxiliaries routed at Ravenna, and the
Switzers having risen aM
nd driven out the conquerors (against all
expectation, both his and others), it so came to pass that he did not
become prisoner to his enemies, they having fled, nor to his
auxiliaries, he having conquered by other arms than theirs.
The Florentines, being entirely without arms, sent ten thousand
Frenchmen to take Pisa, whereby they ran more danger than at any other
time of their troubles.
The Emperor of Constantinople, to oppose his neighbours, sent ten
thousand Turks into Greece, who, on the war being M
willing to quit; this was the beginning of the servitude of Greece to
Therefore, let him who has no desire to conquer make use of these arms,
for they are much more hazardous than mercenaries, because with them
the ruin is ready made; they are all united, all yield obedience to
others; but with mercenaries, when they have conquered, more time and
better opportunities are needed to injure you; they are not all of one
community, they are found and paid by you, and a third paM
have made their head, is not able all at once to assume enough
authority to injure you. In conclusion, in mercenaries dastardy is most
dangerous; in auxiliaries, valour. The wise prince, therefore, has
always avoided these arms and turned to his own; and has been willing
rather to lose with them than to conquer with the others, not deeming
that a real victory which is gained with the arms of others.
I shall never hesitate to cite Cesare Borgia and his actions. This duke
entered the Romagna M
with auxiliaries, taking there only French
soldiers, and with them he captured Imola and Forli; but afterwards,
such forces not appearing to him reliable, he turned to mercenaries,
discerning less danger in them, and enlisted the Orsini and Vitelli;
whom presently, on handling and finding them doubtful, unfaithful, and
dangerous, he destroyed and turned to his own men. And the difference
between one and the other of these forces can easily be seen when one
considers the difference there was in the reputationM
he had the French, when he had the Orsini and Vitelli, and when he
relied on his own soldiers, on whose fidelity he could always count and
found it ever increasing; he was never esteemed more highly than when
every one saw that he was complete master of his own forces.
I was not intending to go beyond Italian and recent examples, but I am
unwilling to leave out Hiero, the Syracusan, he being one of those I
have named above. This man, as I have said, made head of the army by
ns, soon found out that a mercenary soldiery, constituted
like our Italian condottieri, was of no use; and it appearing to him
that he could neither keep them nor let them go, he had them all cut to
pieces, and afterwards made war with his own forces and not with
I wish also to recall to memory an instance from the Old Testament
applicable to this subject. David offered himself to Saul to fight with
Goliath, the Philistine champion, and, to give him courage, Saul armed
him with his own weapons; whM
ich David rejected as soon as he had them
on his back, saying he could make no use of them, and that he wished to
meet the enemy with his sling and his knife. In conclusion, the arms of
others either fall from your back, or they weigh you down, or they bind
Charles the Seventh, the father of King Louis the Eleventh,
having by good fortune and valour liberated France from the English,
recognized the necessity of being armed with forces of his own, and he
established in his kingdom ordinances concM
erning men-at-arms and
infantry. Afterwards his son, King Louis, abolished the infantry and
began to enlist the Switzers, which mistake, followed by others, is, as
is now seen, a source of peril to that kingdom; because, having raised
the reputation of the Switzers, he has entirely diminished the value of
his own arms, for he has destroyed the infantry altogether; and his
men-at-arms he has subordinated to others, for, being as they are so
accustomed to fight along with Switzers, it does not appear that theyM
can now conquer without them. Hence it arises that the French cannot
stand against the Switzers, and without the Switzers they do not come
off well against others. The armies of the French have thus become
mixed, partly mercenary and partly national, both of which arms
together are much better than mercenaries alone or auxiliaries alone,
but much inferior to one
s own forces. And this example proves it, for
the kingdom of France would be unconquerable if the ordinance of
Charles had been enlarged or mainM
But the scanty wisdom of man, on entering into an affair which looks
well at first, cannot discern the poison that is hidden in it, as I
have said above of hectic fevers. Therefore, if he who rules a
principality cannot recognize evils until they are upon him, he is not
truly wise; and this insight is given to few. And if the first disaster
to the Roman Empire should be examined, it will be found to have
commenced only with the enlisting of the Goths; because from that time
the vigour of the RomanM
Empire began to decline, and all that valour
which had raised it passed away to others.
I conclude, therefore, that no principality is secure without having
its own forces; on the contrary, it is entirely dependent on good
fortune, not having the valour which in adversity would defend it. And
it has always been the opinion and judgment of wise men that nothing
can be so uncertain or unstable as fame or power not founded on its own
s own forces are those which are composed either of
bjects, citizens, or dependents; all others are mercenaries or
auxiliaries. And the way to make ready one
s own forces will be easily
found if the rules suggested by me shall be reflected upon, and if one
will consider how Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, and many
republics and princes have armed and organized themselves, to which
rules I entirely commit myself.
A PRINCE'S CONCERN IN MILITARY MATTERS
A prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything
r his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is
the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force
that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often
enables men to rise from a private station to that rank. And, on the
contrary, it is seen that when princes have thought more of ease than
of arms they have lost their states. And the first cause of your losing
it is to neglect this art; and what enables you to acquire a state is
to be master of the art. FrancescoM
Sforza, through being martial, from
a private person became Duke of Milan; and the sons, through avoiding
the hardships and troubles of arms, from dukes became private persons.
For among other evils which being unarmed brings you, it causes you to
be despised, and this is one of those ignominies against which a prince
ought to guard himself, as is shown later on. Because there is nothing
proportionate between the armed and the unarmed; and it is not
reasonable that he who is armed should yield obedience wilM
who is unarmed, or that the unarmed man should be secure among armed
servants. Because, there being in the one disdain and in the other
suspicion, it is not possible for them to work well together. And
therefore a prince who does not understand the art of war, over and
above the other misfortunes already mentioned, cannot be respected by
his soldiers, nor can he rely on them. He ought never, therefore, to
have out of his thoughts this subject of war, and in peace he should
addict himself more M
to its exercise than in war; this he can do in two
ways, the one by action, the other by study.
As regards action, he ought above all things to keep his men well
organized and drilled, to follow incessantly the chase, by which he
accustoms his body to hardships, and learns something of the nature of
localities, and gets to find out how the mountains rise, how the
valleys open out, how the plains lie, and to understand the nature of
rivers and marshes, and in all this to take the greatest care. Which
edge is useful in two ways. Firstly, he learns to know his
country, and is better able to undertake its defence; afterwards, by
means of the knowledge and observation of that locality, he understands
with ease any other which it may be necessary for him to study
hereafter; because the hills, valleys, and plains, and rivers and
marshes that are, for instance, in Tuscany, have a certain resemblance
to those of other countries, so that with a knowledge of the aspect of
one country one can easily arrive at a knoM
wledge of others. And the
prince that lacks this skill lacks the essential which it is desirable
that a captain should possess, for it teaches him to surprise his
enemy, to select quarters, to lead armies, to array the battle, to
besiege towns to advantage.
Philopoemen, Prince of the Achaeans, among other praises which
writers have bestowed on him, is commended because in time of peace he
never had anything in his mind but the rules of war; and when he was in
the country with friends, he often stopped andM
reasoned with them:
the enemy should be upon that hill, and we should find ourselves here
with our army, with whom would be the advantage? How should one best
advance to meet him, keeping the ranks? If we should wish to retreat,
how ought we to pursue?
And he would set forth to them, as he went,
all the chances that could befall an army; he would listen to their
opinion and state his, confirming it with reasons, so that by these
continual discussions there could never arise, in time of war, any
expected circumstances that he could not deal with.
But to exercise the intellect the prince should read histories, and
study there the actions of illustrious men, to see how they have borne
themselves in war, to examine the causes of their victories and defeat,
so as to avoid the latter and imitate the former; and above all do as
an illustrious man did, who took as an exemplar one who had been
praised and famous before him, and whose achievements and deeds he
always kept in his mind, as it is said AlexandM
er the Great imitated
Achilles, Caesar Alexander, Scipio Cyrus. And whoever reads the life of
Cyrus, written by Xenophon, will recognize afterwards in the life of
Scipio how that imitation was his glory, and how in chastity,
affability, humanity, and liberality Scipio conformed to those things
which have been written of Cyrus by Xenophon. A wise prince ought to
observe some such rules, and never in peaceful times stand idle, but
increase his resources with industry in such a way that they may be
o him in adversity, so that if fortune chances it may find
him prepared to resist her blows.
CONCERNING THINGS FOR WHICH MEN, AND ESPECIALLY PRINCES,
ARE PRAISED OR BLAMED
It remains now to see what ought to be the rules of conduct for a
prince towards subject and friends. And as I know that many have
written on this point, I expect I shall be considered presumptuous in
mentioning it again, especially as in discussing it I shall depart from
the methods of other people. But, it being my iM
thing which shall be useful to him who apprehends it, it appears to me
more appropriate to follow up the real truth of the matter than the
imagination of it; for many have pictured republics and principalities
which in fact have never been known or seen, because how one lives is
so far distant from how one ought to live, that he who neglects what is
done for what ought to be done, sooner effects his ruin than his
preservation; for a man who wishes to act entirely up to his
virtue soon meets with what destroys him among so much
Hence it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how
to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity.
Therefore, putting on one side imaginary things concerning a prince,
and discussing those which are real, I say that all men when they are
spoken of, and chiefly princes for being more highly placed, are
remarkable for some of those qualities which bring them either blame or
praise; and thus it is thatM
one is reputed liberal, another miserly,
using a Tuscan term (because an avaricious person in our language is
still he who desires to possess by robbery, whilst we call one miserly
who deprives himself too much of the use of his own); one is reputed
generous, one rapacious; one cruel, one compassionate; one faithless,
another faithful; one effeminate and cowardly, another bold and brave;
one affable, another haughty; one lascivious, another chaste; one
sincere, another cunning; one hard, another easy; one gM
frivolous; one religious, another unbelieving, and the like. And I know
that every one will confess that it would be most praiseworthy in a
prince to exhibit all the above qualities that are considered good; but
because they can neither be entirely possessed nor observed, for human
conditions do not permit it, it is necessary for him to be sufficiently
prudent that he may know how to avoid the reproach of those vices which
would lose him his state; and also to keep himself, if it be possible,
from those which would not lose him it; but this not being possible, he
may with less hesitation abandon himself to them. And again, he need
not make himself uneasy at incurring a reproach for those vices without
which the state can only be saved with difficulty, for if everything is
considered carefully, it will be found that something which looks like
virtue, if followed, would be his ruin; whilst something else, which
looks like vice, yet followed brings him security and prosperity.
NCERNING LIBERALITY AND PARSIMONY
Commencing then with the first of the above-named characteristics, I
say that it would be well to be reputed liberal. Nevertheless,
liberality exercised in a way that does not bring you the reputation
for it, injures you; for if one exercises it honestly and as it should
be exercised, it may not become known, and you will not avoid the
reproach of its opposite. Therefore, any one wishing to maintain among
men the name of liberal is obliged to avoid no attribute of
cence; so that a prince thus inclined will consume in such acts
all his property, and will be compelled in the end, if he wish to
maintain the name of liberal, to unduly weigh down his people, and tax
them, and do everything he can to get money. This will soon make him
odious to his subjects, and becoming poor he will be little valued by
any one; thus, with his liberality, having offended many and rewarded
few, he is affected by the very first trouble and imperilled by
whatever may be the first danger; recogM
nizing this himself, and wishing
to draw back from it, he runs at once into the reproach of being
Therefore, a prince, not being able to exercise this virtue of
liberality in such a way that it is recognized, except to his cost, if
he is wise he ought not to fear the reputation of being mean, for in
time he will come to be more considered than if liberal, seeing that
with his economy his revenues are enough, that he can defend himself
against all attacks, and is able to engage in enterprises withM
burdening his people; thus it comes to pass that he exercises
liberality towards all from whom he does not take, who are numberless,
and meanness towards those to whom he does not give, who are few.
We have not seen great things done in our time except by those who have
been considered mean; the rest have failed. Pope Julius the Second was
assisted in reaching the papacy by a reputation for liberality, yet he
did not strive afterwards to keep it up, when he made war on the King
of France; and he made M
many wars without imposing any extraordinary tax
on his subjects, for he supplied his additional expenses out of his
long thriftiness. The present King of Spain would not have undertaken
or conquered in so many enterprises if he had been reputed liberal. A
prince, therefore, provided that he has not to rob his subjects, that
he can defend himself, that he does not become poor and abject, that he
is not forced to become rapacious, ought to hold of little account a
reputation for being mean, for it is one of tM
hose vices which will
enable him to govern.
And if any one should say: Caesar obtained empire by liberality, and
many others have reached the highest positions by having been liberal,
and by being considered so, I answer: Either you are a prince in fact,
or in a way to become one. In the first case this liberality is
dangerous, in the second it is very necessary to be considered liberal;
and Caesar was one of those who wished to become pre-eminent in Rome;
but if he had survived after becoming so, and hadM
expenses, he would have destroyed his government. And if any one should
reply: Many have been princes, and have done great things with armies,
who have been considered very liberal, I reply: Either a prince spends
that which is his own or his subjects
or else that of others. In the
first case he ought to be sparing, in the second he ought not to
neglect any opportunity for liberality. And to the prince who goes
forth with his army, supporting it by pillage, sack, and extortion,
g that which belongs to others, this liberality is necessary,
otherwise he would not be followed by soldiers. And of that which is
neither yours nor your subjects
you can be a ready giver, as were
Cyrus, Caesar, and Alexander; because it does not take away your
reputation if you squander that of others, but adds to it; it is only
squandering your own that injures you.
And there is nothing wastes so rapidly as liberality, for even whilst
you exercise it you lose the power to do so, and so become either pM
or despised, or else, in avoiding poverty, rapacious and hated. And a
prince should guard himself, above all things, against being despised
and hated; and liberality leads you to both. Therefore it is wiser to
have a reputation for meanness which brings reproach without hatred,
than to be compelled through seeking a reputation for liberality to
incur a name for rapacity which begets reproach with hatred.
CONCERNING CRUELTY AND CLEMENCY:
WHETHER IT IS BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED
Coming now to the other qualities mentioned above, I say that every
prince ought to desire to be considered clement and not cruel.
Nevertheless he ought to take care not to misuse this clemency. Cesare
Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled
the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty. And if
this be rightly considered, he will be seen to have been much more
merciful than the Florentine people, who, to avoid a reputation for
cruelty, permitted Pistoia to be desM
troyed. Therefore a prince, so
long as he keeps his subjects united and loyal, ought not to mind the
reproach of cruelty; because with a few examples he will be more
merciful than those who, through too much mercy, allow disorders to
arise, from which follow murders or robberies; for these are wont to
injure the whole people, whilst those executions which originate with a
prince offend the individual only.
And of all princes, it is impossible for the new prince to avoid the
imputation of cruelty, owing toM
new states being full of dangers. Hence
Virgil, through the mouth of Dido, excuses the inhumanity of her reign
owing to its being new, saying:
Res dura, et regni novitas me talia cogunt
Moliri, et late fines custode tueri.
Nevertheless he ought to be slow to believe and to act, nor should he
himself show fear, but proceed in a temperate manner with prudence and
humanity, so that too much confidence may not make him incautious and
too much distrust render him intolerable.
Upon this a question aM
rises: whether it be better to be loved than
feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to
be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it
is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be
dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that
they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as
you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood,
property, life, and children, as is said aM
bove, when the need is far
distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince
who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other
precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by
payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be
earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied
upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than
one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation
the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for
their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which
Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he
does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well
being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he
abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their
women. But when it is necessary for him to proceed against the life of
do it on proper justification and for manifest cause,
but above all things he must keep his hands off the property of others,
because men more quickly forget the death of their father than the loss
of their patrimony. Besides, pretexts for taking away the property are
never wanting; for he who has once begun to live by robbery will always
find pretexts for seizing what belongs to others; but reasons for
taking life, on the contrary, are more difficult to find and sooner
lapse. But when a prince is with his M
army, and has under control a
multitude of soldiers, then it is quite necessary for him to disregard
the reputation of cruelty, for without it he would never hold his army
united or disposed to its duties.
Among the wonderful deeds of Hannibal this one is enumerated: that
having led an enormous army, composed of many various races of men, to
fight in foreign lands, no dissensions arose either among them or
against the prince, whether in his bad or in his good fortune. This
arose from nothing else than hisM
inhuman cruelty, which, with his
boundless valour, made him revered and terrible in the sight of his
soldiers, but without that cruelty, his other virtues were not
sufficient to produce this effect. And short-sighted writers admire his
deeds from one point of view and from another condemn the principal
cause of them. That it is true his other virtues would not have been
sufficient for him may be proved by the case of Scipio, that most
excellent man, not only of his own times but within the memory of man,
gainst whom, nevertheless, his army rebelled in Spain; this arose from
nothing but his too great forbearance, which gave his soldiers more
license than is consistent with military discipline. For this he was
upbraided in the Senate by Fabius Maximus, and called the corrupter of
the Roman soldiery. The Locrians were laid waste by a legate of Scipio,
yet they were not avenged by him, nor was the insolence of the legate
punished, owing entirely to his easy nature. Insomuch that someone in
the Senate, wishing toM
excuse him, said there were many men who knew
much better how not to err than to correct the errors of others. This
disposition, if he had been continued in the command, would have
destroyed in time the fame and glory of Scipio; but, he being under the
control of the Senate, this injurious characteristic not only concealed
itself, but contributed to his glory.
Returning to the question of being feared or loved, I come to the
conclusion that, men loving according to their own will and fearing
that of the prince, a wise prince should establish himself
on that which is in his own control and not in that of others; he must
endeavour only to avoid hatred, as is noted.
IN WHAT WAY PRINCES SHOULD KEEP THEIR WORD
Every one admits how praiseworthy it is in a prince to keep faith, and
to live with integrity and not with craft. Nevertheless our experience
has been that those princes who have done great things have held good
faith of little account, and have known how to circumvent tM
of men by craft, and in the end have overcome those who have relied on
You must know there are two ways of contesting, the one
by the law, the other by force; the first method is proper to men, the
second to beasts; but because the first is frequently not sufficient,
it is necessary to have recourse to the second. Therefore it is
necessary for a prince to understand how to avail himself of the beast
and the man. This has been figuratively taught to princes by ancient
describe how Achilles and many other princes of old were
given to the Centaur Chiron to nurse, who brought them up in his
discipline; which means solely that, as they had for a teacher one who
was half beast and half man, so it is necessary for a prince to know
how to make use of both natures, and that one without the other is not
A prince, therefore, being compelled knowingly to adopt the
beast, ought to choose the fox and the lion; because the lion cannot
defend himself against snares and the M
fox cannot defend himself against
wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the snares
and a lion to terrify the wolves. Those who rely simply on the lion do
not understand what they are about. Therefore a wise lord cannot, nor
ought he to, keep faith when such observance may be turned against him,
and when the reasons that caused him to pledge it exist no longer. If
men were entirely good this precept would not hold, but because they
are bad, and will not keep faith with you, you too are noM
observe it with them. Nor will there ever be wanting to a prince
legitimate reasons to excuse this non-observance. Of this endless
modern examples could be given, showing how many treaties and
engagements have been made void and of no effect through the
faithlessness of princes; and he who has known best how to employ the
fox has succeeded best.
But it is necessary to know well how to disguise this characteristic,
and to be a great pretender and dissembler; and men are so simple, and
t to present necessities, that he who seeks to deceive will
always find someone who will allow himself to be deceived. One recent
example I cannot pass over in silence. Pope Alexander the Sixth did
nothing else but deceive men, nor ever thought of doing otherwise, and
he always found victims; for there never was a man who had greater power
in asserting, or who with greater oaths would affirm a thing, yet would
observe it less; nevertheless his deceits always succeeded according to
his wishes, because he wellM
understood this side of mankind.
Therefore it is unnecessary for a prince to have all the good qualities
I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them. And
I shall dare to say this also, that to have them and always to observe
them is injurious, and that to appear to have them is useful; to appear
merciful, faithful, humane, religious, upright, and to be so, but with
a mind so framed that should you require not to be so, you may be able
and know how to change to the opposite.
ou have to understand this, that a prince, especially a new one,
cannot observe all those things for which men are esteemed, being often
forced, in order to maintain the state, to act contrary to fidelity,
friendship, humanity, and religion. Therefore it is necessary for him
to have a mind ready to turn itself accordingly as the winds and
variations of fortune force it, yet, as I have said above, not to
diverge from the good if he can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then
to know how to set about it.
r this reason a prince ought to take care that he never lets anything
slip from his lips that is not replete with the above-named five
qualities, that he may appear to him who sees and hears him altogether
merciful, faithful, humane, upright, and religious. There is nothing
more necessary to appear to have than this last quality, inasmuch as
men judge generally more by the eye than by the hand, because it
belongs to everybody to see you, to few to come in touch with you.
Every one sees what you appear to be,M
few really know what you are, and
those few dare not oppose themselves to the opinion of the many, who
have the majesty of the state to defend them; and in the actions of all
men, and especially of princes, which it is not prudent to challenge,
one judges by the result.
For that reason, let a prince have the credit of conquering and holding
his state, the means will always be considered honest, and he will be
praised by everybody; because the vulgar are always taken by what a
thing seems to be and by whaM
t comes of it; and in the world there are
only the vulgar, for the few find a place there only when the many have
no ground to rest on.
One prince of the present time, whom it is not well to name, never
preaches anything else but peace and good faith, and to both he is most
hostile, and either, if he had kept it, would have deprived him of
reputation and kingdom many a time.
HOW TO AVOID CONTEMPT AND HATRED
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I
oken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss
briefly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has
been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him
hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will
have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other
It makes him hated above all things, as I have said, to be rapacious,
and to be a violator of the property and women of his subjects, from
both of which he muM
st abstain. And when neither their property nor
their honor is touched, the majority of men live content, and he has
only to contend with the ambition of a few, whom he can curb with ease
It makes him contemptible to be considered fickle, frivolous,
effeminate, mean-spirited, irresolute, from all of which a prince
should guard himself as from a rock; and he should endeavour to show in
his actions greatness, courage, gravity, and fortitude; and in his
private dealings with his subjects let hiM
m show that his judgments are
irrevocable, and maintain himself in such reputation that no one can
hope either to deceive him or to get round him.
That prince is highly esteemed who conveys this impression of himself,
and he who is highly esteemed is not easily conspired against; for,
provided it is well known that he is an excellent man and revered by
his people, he can only be attacked with difficulty. For this reason a
prince ought to have two fears, one from within, on account of his
er from without, on account of external powers. From
the latter he is defended by being well armed and having good allies,
and if he is well armed he will have good friends, and affairs will
always remain quiet within when they are quiet without, unless they
should have been already disturbed by conspiracy; and even should
affairs outside be disturbed, if he has carried out his preparations
and has lived as I have said, as long as he does not despair, he will
resist every attack, as I said Nabis the Spartan M
But concerning his subjects, when affairs outside are disturbed he has
only to fear that they will conspire secretly, from which a prince can
easily secure himself by avoiding being hated and despised, and by
keeping the people satisfied with him, which it is most necessary for
him to accomplish, as I said above at length. And one of the most
efficacious remedies that a prince can have against conspiracies is not
to be hated and despised by the people, for he who conspires against a
ects to please them by his removal; but when the
conspirator can only look forward to offending them, he will not have
the courage to take such a course, for the difficulties that confront a
conspirator are infinite. And as experience shows, many have been the
conspiracies, but few have been successful; because he who conspires
cannot act alone, nor can he take a companion except from those whom he
believes to be malcontents, and as soon as you have opened your mind to
a malcontent you have given him the matM
erial with which to content
himself, for by denouncing you he can look for every advantage; so
that, seeing the gain from this course to be assured, and seeing the
other to be doubtful and full of dangers, he must be a very rare
friend, or a thoroughly obstinate enemy of the prince, to keep faith
And, to reduce the matter into a small compass, I say that, on the side
of the conspirator, there is nothing but fear, jealousy, prospect of
punishment to terrify him; but on the side of the prince therM
majesty of the principality, the laws, the protection of friends and
the state to defend him; so that, adding to all these things the
popular goodwill, it is impossible that any one should be so rash as to
conspire. For whereas in general the conspirator has to fear before the
execution of his plot, in this case he has also to fear the sequel to
the crime; because on account of it he has the people for an enemy, and
thus cannot hope for any escape.
Endless examples could be given on this subject,M
but I will be content
with one, brought to pass within the memory of our fathers. Messer
Annibale Bentivogli, who was prince in Bologna (grandfather of the
present Annibale), having been murdered by the Canneschi, who had
conspired against him, not one of his family survived but Messer
Giovanni, who was in childhood: immediately after his assassination
the people rose and murdered all the Canneschi. This sprung from the
popular goodwill which the house of Bentivogli enjoyed in those days in
was so great that, although none remained there after
the death of Annibale who was able to rule the state, the Bolognese,
having information that there was one of the Bentivogli family in
Florence, who up to that time had been considered the son of a
blacksmith, sent to Florence for him and gave him the government of
their city, and it was ruled by him until Messer Giovanni came in due
course to the government.
For this reason I consider that a prince ought to reckon conspiracies
of little account when hM
is people hold him in esteem; but when it is
hostile to him, and bears hatred towards him, he ought to fear
everything and everybody. And well-ordered states and wise princes have
taken every care not to drive the nobles to desperation, and to keep
the people satisfied and contented, for this is one of the most
important objects a prince can have.
Among the best ordered and governed kingdoms of our times is France,
and in it are found many good institutions on which depend the liberty
and security of the M
king; of these the first is the parliament and its
authority, because he who founded the kingdom, knowing the ambition of
the nobility and their boldness, considered that a bit to their mouths
would be necessary to hold them in; and, on the other side, knowing the
hatred of the people, founded in fear, against the nobles, he wished to
protect them, yet he was not anxious for this to be the particular care
of the king; therefore, to take away the reproach which he would be
liable to from the nobles for favourM
ing the people, and from the people
for favouring the nobles, he set up an arbiter, who should be one who
could beat down the great and favour the lesser without reproach to the
king. Neither could you have a better or a more prudent arrangement, or
a greater source of security to the king and kingdom. From this one can
draw another important conclusion, that princes ought to leave affairs
of reproach to the management of others, and keep those of grace in
their own hands. And further, I consider that a prinM
the nobles, but not so as to make himself hated by the people.
It may appear, perhaps, to some who have examined the lives and deaths
of the Roman emperors that many of them would be an example contrary to
my opinion, seeing that some of them lived nobly and showed great
qualities of soul, nevertheless they have lost their empire or have
been killed by subjects who have conspired against them. Wishing,
therefore, to answer these objections, I will recall the characters of
mperors, and will show that the causes of their ruin were
not different to those alleged by me; at the same time I will only
submit for consideration those things that are noteworthy to him who
studies the affairs of those times.
It seems to me sufficient to take all those emperors who succeeded to
the empire from Marcus the philosopher down to Maximinus; they were
Marcus and his son Commodus, Pertinax, Julian, Severus and his son
Antoninus Caracalla, Macrinus, Heliogabalus, Alexander, and Maximinus.
ere is first to note that, whereas in other principalities the
ambition of the nobles and the insolence of the people only have to be
contended with, the Roman emperors had a third difficulty in having to
put up with the cruelty and avarice of their soldiers, a matter so
beset with difficulties that it was the ruin of many; for it was a hard
thing to give satisfaction both to soldiers and people; because the
people loved peace, and for this reason they loved the unaspiring
prince, whilst the soldiers loved tM
he warlike prince who was bold,
cruel, and rapacious, which qualities they were quite willing he should
exercise upon the people, so that they could get double pay and give
vent to their own greed and cruelty. Hence it arose that those emperors
were always overthrown who, either by birth or training, had no great
authority, and most of them, especially those who came new to the
principality, recognizing the difficulty of these two opposing humours,
were inclined to give satisfaction to the soldiers, caring lM
injuring the people. Which course was necessary, because, as princes
cannot help being hated by someone, they ought, in the first place, to
avoid being hated by every one, and when they cannot compass this, they
ought to endeavour with the utmost diligence to avoid the hatred of the
most powerful. Therefore, those emperors who through inexperience had
need of special favour adhered more readily to the soldiers than to the
people; a course which turned out advantageous to them or not,
as the prince knew how to maintain authority over them.
From these causes it arose that Marcus, Pertinax, and Alexander, being
all men of modest life, lovers of justice, enemies to cruelty, humane,
and benignant, came to a sad end except Marcus; he alone lived and died
honoured, because he had succeeded to the throne by hereditary title,
and owed nothing either to the soldiers or the people; and afterwards,
being possessed of many virtues which made him respected, he always
kept both orders in their placeM
s whilst he lived, and was neither hated
But Pertinax was created emperor against the wishes of the soldiers,
who, being accustomed to live licentiously under Commodus, could not
endure the honest life to which Pertinax wished to reduce them; thus,
having given cause for hatred, to which hatred there was added contempt
for his old age, he was overthrown at the very beginning of his
administration. And here it should be noted that hatred is acquired as
much by good works as by bad ones, thereM
fore, as I said before, a
prince wishing to keep his state is very often forced to do evil; for
when that body is corrupt whom you think you have need of to maintain
it may be either the people or the soldiers or the nobles
have to submit to its humours and to gratify them, and then good works
But let us come to Alexander, who was a man of such great goodness,
that among the other praises which are accorded him is this, that in
the fourteen years he held the empire no onM
e was ever put to death by
him unjudged; nevertheless, being considered effeminate and a man who
allowed himself to be governed by his mother, he became despised, the
army conspired against him, and murdered him.
Turning now to the opposite characters of Commodus, Severus, Antoninus
Caracalla, and Maximinus, you will find them all cruel and
rapacious-men who, to satisfy their soldiers, did not hesitate to
commit every kind of iniquity against the people; and all, except
Severus, came to a bad end; but in M
Severus there was so much valour
that, keeping the soldiers friendly, although the people were oppressed
by him, he reigned successfully; for his valour made him so much
admired in the sight of the soldiers and people that the latter were
kept in a way astonished and awed and the former respectful and
satisfied. And because the actions of this man, as a new prince, were
great, I wish to show briefly that he knew well how to counterfeit the
fox and the lion, which natures, as I said above, it is necessary forM
Knowing the sloth of the Emperor Julian, he persuaded the army in
Sclavonia, of which he was captain, that it would be right to go to
Rome and avenge the death of Pertinax, who had been killed by the
praetorian soldiers; and under this pretext, without appearing to
aspire to the throne, he moved the army on Rome, and reached Italy
before it was known that he had started. On his arrival at Rome, the
Senate, through fear, elected him emperor and killed Julian. After this
d for Severus, who wished to make himself master of the
whole empire, two difficulties; one in Asia, where Niger, head of the
Asiatic army, had caused himself to be proclaimed emperor; the other in
the west where Albinus was, who also aspired to the throne. And as he
considered it dangerous to declare himself hostile to both, he decided
to attack Niger and to deceive Albinus. To the latter he wrote that,
being elected emperor by the Senate, he was willing to share that
dignity with him and sent him the titleM
of Caesar; and, moreover, that
the Senate had made Albinus his colleague; which things were accepted
by Albinus as true. But after Severus had conquered and killed Niger,
and settled oriental affairs, he returned to Rome and complained to the
Senate that Albinus, little recognizing the benefits that he had
received from him, had by treachery sought to murder him, and for this
ingratitude he was compelled to punish him. Afterwards he sought him
out in France, and took from him his government and life. He whoM
therefore, carefully examine the actions of this man will find him a
most valiant lion and a most cunning fox; he will find him feared and
respected by every one, and not hated by the army; and it need not be
wondered at that he, a new man, was able to hold the empire so well,
because his supreme renown always protected him from that hatred which
the people might have conceived against him for his violence.
But his son Antoninus was a most eminent man, and had very excellent
qualities, which made hM
im admirable in the sight of the people and
acceptable to the soldiers, for he was a warlike man, most enduring of
fatigue, a despiser of all delicate food and other luxuries, which
caused him to be beloved by the armies. Nevertheless, his ferocity and
cruelties were so great and so unheard of that, after endless single
murders, he killed a large number of the people of Rome and all those
of Alexandria. He became hated by the whole world, and also feared by
those he had around him, to such an extent that he M
midst of his army by a centurion. And here it must be noted that
such-like deaths, which are deliberately inflicted with a resolved and
desperate courage, cannot be avoided by princes, because any one who
does not fear to die can inflict them; but a prince may fear them the
less because they are very rare; he has only to be careful not to do
any grave injury to those whom he employs or has around him in the
service of the state. Antoninus had not taken this care, but had
illed a brother of that centurion, whom also he daily
threatened, yet retained in his bodyguard; which, as it turned out, was
a rash thing to do, and proved the emperor
But let us come to Commodus, to whom it should have been very easy to
hold the empire, for, being the son of Marcus, he had inherited it, and
he had only to follow in the footsteps of his father to please his
people and soldiers; but, being by nature cruel and brutal, he gave
himself up to amusing the soldiers and corrupting them,M
might indulge his rapacity upon the people; on the other hand, not
maintaining his dignity, often descending to the theatre to compete
with gladiators, and doing other vile things, little worthy of the
imperial majesty, he fell into contempt with the soldiers, and being
hated by one party and despised by the other, he was conspired against
It remains to discuss the character of Maximinus. He was a very warlike
man, and the armies, being disgusted with the effeminacy of AlexandeM
of whom I have already spoken, killed him and elected Maximinus to the
throne. This he did not possess for long, for two things made him hated
and despised; the one, his having kept sheep in Thrace, which brought
him into contempt (it being well known to all, and considered a great
indignity by every one), and the other, his having at the accession to
his dominions deferred going to Rome and taking possession of the
imperial seat; he had also gained a reputation for the utmost ferocity
his prefects in Rome and elsewhere in the empire,
practised many cruelties, so that the whole world was moved to anger at
the meanness of his birth and to fear at his barbarity. First Africa
rebelled, then the Senate with all the people of Rome, and all Italy
conspired against him, to which may be added his own army; this latter,
besieging Aquileia and meeting with difficulties in taking it, were
disgusted with his cruelties, and fearing him less when they found so
many against him, murdered him.
t wish to discuss Heliogabalus, Macrinus, or Julian, who, being
thoroughly contemptible, were quickly wiped out; but I will bring this
discourse to a conclusion by saying that princes in our times have this
difficulty of giving inordinate satisfaction to their soldiers in a far
less degree, because, notwithstanding one has to give them some
indulgence, that is soon done; none of these princes have armies that
are veterans in the governance and administration of provinces, as were
the armies of the Roman EmpiM
re; and whereas it was then more necessary
to give satisfaction to the soldiers than to the people, it is now more
necessary to all princes, except the Turk and the Soldan, to satisfy
the people rather the soldiers, because the people are the more
From the above I have excepted the Turk, who always keeps round him
twelve thousand infantry and fifteen thousand cavalry on which depend
the security and strength of the kingdom, and it is necessary that,
putting aside every consideration for the peopM
le, he should keep them
his friends. The kingdom of the Soldan is similar; being entirely in
the hands of soldiers, it follows again that, without regard to the
people, he must keep them his friends. But you must note that the state
of the Soldan is unlike all other principalities, for the reason that
it is like the Christian pontificate, which cannot be called either an
hereditary or a newly formed principality; because the sons of the old
prince are not the heirs, but he who is elected to that position by
those who have authority, and the sons remain only noblemen. And this
being an ancient custom, it cannot be called a new principality,
because there are none of those difficulties in it that are met with in
new ones; for although the prince is new, the constitution of the state
is old, and it is framed so as to receive him as if he were its
But returning to the subject of our discourse, I say that whoever will
consider it will acknowledge that either hatred or contempt has been
the above-named emperors, and it will be recognized also how
it happened that, a number of them acting in one way and a number in
another, only one in each way came to a happy end and the rest to
unhappy ones. Because it would have been useless and dangerous for
Pertinax and Alexander, being new princes, to imitate Marcus, who was
heir to the principality; and likewise it would have been utterly
destructive to Caracalla, Commodus, and Maximinus to have imitated
Severus, they not having sufficient valour to eM
nable them to tread in
his footsteps. Therefore a prince, new to the principality, cannot
imitate the actions of Marcus, nor, again, is it necessary to follow
those of Severus, but he ought to take from Severus those parts which
are necessary to found his state, and from Marcus those which are
proper and glorious to keep a state that may already be stable and
WHETHER FORTRESSES AND MANY OTHER EXPEDIENTS THAT
PRINCES COMMONLY EMPLOY ARE USEFUL OR NOT
Some princes, so as to hold secM
urely the state, have disarmed their
subjects; others have kept their subject towns distracted by factions;
others have fostered enmities against themselves; others have laid
themselves out to gain over those whom they distrusted in the beginning
of their governments; some have built fortresses; some have overthrown
and destroyed them. And although one cannot give a final judgment on
all of these things unless one possesses the particulars of those
states in which a decision has to be made, nevertheless I wiM
comprehensively as the matter of itself will admit.
There never was a new prince who has disarmed his subjects; rather
when he has found them disarmed he has always armed them, because, by
arming them, those arms become yours, those men who were distrusted
become faithful, and those who were faithful are kept so, and your
subjects become your adherents. And whereas all subjects cannot be
armed, yet when those whom you do arm are benefited, the others can be
handled more freely, and this differM
ence in their treatment, which they
quite understand, makes the former your dependents, and the latter,
considering it to be necessary that those who have the most danger and
service should have the most reward, excuse you. But when you disarm
them, you at once offend them by showing that you distrust them, either
for cowardice or for want of loyalty, and either of these opinions
breeds hatred against you. And because you cannot remain unarmed, it
follows that you turn to mercenaries, which are of the characM
already shown; even if they should be good they would not be sufficient
to defend you against powerful enemies and distrusted subjects.
Therefore, as I have said, a new prince in a new principality has
always distributed arms. Histories are full of examples. But when a
prince acquires a new state, which he adds as a province to his old
one, then it is necessary to disarm the men of that state, except those
who have been his adherents in acquiring it; and these again, with time
and opportunity, should beM
rendered soft and effeminate; and matters
should be managed in such a way that all the armed men in the state
shall be your own soldiers who in your old state were living near you.
Our forefathers, and those who were reckoned wise, were accustomed
to say that it was necessary to hold Pistoia by factions and Pisa by
fortresses; and with this idea they fostered quarrels in some of their
tributary towns so as to keep possession of them the more easily. This
may have been well enough in those times when ItalyM
balanced, but I do not believe that it can be accepted as a precept for
to-day, because I do not believe that factions can ever be of use;
rather it is certain that when the enemy comes upon you in divided
cities you are quickly lost, because the weakest party will always
assist the outside forces and the other will not be able to resist. The
Venetians, moved, as I believe, by the above reasons, fostered the
Guelph and Ghibelline factions in their tributary cities; and although
wed them to come to bloodshed, yet they nursed these
disputes amongst them, so that the citizens, distracted by their
differences, should not unite against them. Which, as we saw, did not
afterwards turn out as expected, because, after the rout at Vaila, one
party at once took courage and seized the state. Such methods argue,
therefore, weakness in the prince, because these factions will never be
permitted in a vigorous principality; such methods for enabling one the
more easily to manage subjects are only uM
seful in times of peace, but
if war comes this policy proves fallacious.
Without doubt princes become great when they overcome the
difficulties and obstacles by which they are confronted, and therefore
fortune, especially when she desires to make a new prince great, who
has a greater necessity to earn renown than an hereditary one, causes
enemies to arise and form designs against him, in order that he may
have the opportunity of overcoming them, and by them to mount higher,
as by a ladder which his enemieM
s have raised. For this reason many
consider that a wise prince, when he has the opportunity, ought with
craft to foster some animosity against himself, so that, having crushed
it, his renown may rise higher.
Princes, especially new ones, have found more fidelity and
assistance in those men who in the beginning of their rule were
distrusted than among those who in the beginning were trusted. Pandolfo
Petrucci, Prince of Siena, ruled his state more by those who had been
distrusted than by others. But on thM
is question one cannot speak
generally, for it varies so much with the individual; I will only say
this, that those men who at the commencement of a princedom have been
hostile, if they are of a description to need assistance to support
themselves, can always be gained over with the greatest ease, and they
will be tightly held to serve the prince with fidelity, inasmuch as
they know it to be very necessary for them to cancel by deeds the bad
impression which he had formed of them; and thus the prince always
extracts more profit from them than from those who, serving him in too
much security, may neglect his affairs. And since the matter demands
it, I must not fail to warn a prince, who by means of secret favours
has acquired a new state, that he must well consider the reasons which
induced those to favour him who did so; and if it be not a natural
affection towards him, but only discontent with their government, then
he will only keep them friendly with great trouble and difficulty, for
it will be impossible tM
o satisfy them. And weighing well the reasons
for this in those examples which can be taken from ancient and modern
affairs, we shall find that it is easier for the prince to make friends
of those men who were contented under the former government, and are
therefore his enemies, than of those who, being discontented with it,
were favourable to him and encouraged him to seize it.
It has been a custom with princes, in order to hold their states
more securely, to build fortresses that may serve as a bridle anM
to those who might design to work against them, and as a place of
refuge from a first attack. I praise this system because it has been
made use of formerly. Notwithstanding that, Messer Nicolo Vitelli in
our times has been seen to demolish two fortresses in Citta di Castello
so that he might keep that state; Guido Ubaldo, Duke of Urbino, on
returning to his dominion, whence he had been driven by Cesare Borgia,
razed to the foundations all the fortresses in that province, and
considered that without thM
em it would be more difficult to lose it; the
Bentivogli returning to Bologna came to a similar decision. Fortresses,
therefore, are useful or not according to circumstances; if they do you
good in one way they injure you in another. And this question can be
reasoned thus: the prince who has more to fear from the people than
from foreigners ought to build fortresses, but he who has more to fear
from foreigners than from the people ought to leave them alone. The
castle of Milan, built by Francesco Sforza, hasM
made, and will make,
more trouble for the house of Sforza than any other disorder in the
state. For this reason the best possible fortress is
the people, because, although you may hold the fortresses, yet they
will not save you if the people hate you, for there will never be
wanting foreigners to assist a people who have taken arms against you.
It has not been seen in our times that such fortresses have been of use
to any prince, unless to the Countess of Forli, when the Count
, her consort, was killed; for by that means she was able to
withstand the popular attack and wait for assistance from Milan, and
thus recover her state; and the posture of affairs was such at that
time that the foreigners could not assist the people. But fortresses
were of little value to her afterwards when Cesare Borgia attacked her,
and when the people, her enemy, were allied with foreigners. Therefore,
it would have been safer for her, both then and before, not to have
been hated by the people than to hM
ave had the fortresses. All these
things considered then, I shall praise him who builds fortresses as
well as him who does not, and I shall blame whoever, trusting in them,
cares little about being hated by the people.
WHAT A PRINCE MUST DO TO BE ESTEEMED
Nothing makes a prince so much esteemed as great enterprises and
setting a fine example. We have in our time Ferdinand of Aragon, the
present King of Spain. He can almost be called a new prince, because he
has risen, by fame and glorM
y, from being an insignificant king to be
the foremost king in Christendom; and if you will consider his deeds
you will find them all great and some of them extraordinary. In the
beginning of his reign he attacked Granada, and this enterprise was the
foundation of his dominions. He did this quietly at first and without
any fear of hindrance, for he held the minds of the barons of Castile
occupied in thinking of the war and not anticipating any innovations;
thus they did not perceive that by these means he waM
and authority over them. He was able with the money of the Church and
of the people to sustain his armies, and by that long war to lay the
foundation for the military skill which has since distinguished him.
Further, always using religion as a plea, so as to undertake greater
schemes, he devoted himself with pious cruelty to driving out and
clearing his kingdom of the Moors; nor could there be a more admirable
example, nor one more rare. Under this same cloak he assailed Africa,
wn on Italy, he has finally attacked France; and thus his
achievements and designs have always been great, and have kept the
minds of his people in suspense and admiration and occupied with the
issue of them. And his actions have arisen in such a way, one out of
the other, that men have never been given time to work steadily against
Again, it much assists a prince to set unusual examples in internal
affairs, similar to those which are related of Messer Bernabo da
Milano, who, when he had the opportunM
ity, by any one in civil life
doing some extraordinary thing, either good or bad, would take some
method of rewarding or punishing him, which would be much spoken about.
And a prince ought, above all things, always endeavour in every action
to gain for himself the reputation of being a great and remarkable man.
A prince is also respected when he is either a true friend or a
downright enemy, that is to say, when, without any reservation, he
declares himself in favour of one party against the other; which coM
will always be more advantageous than standing neutral; because if two
of your powerful neighbours come to blows, they are of such a character
that, if one of them conquers, you have either to fear him or not. In
either case it will always be more advantageous for you to declare
yourself and to make war strenuously; because, in the first case, if
you do not declare yourself, you will invariably fall a prey to the
conqueror, to the pleasure and satisfaction of him who has been
conquered, and you will haM
ve no reasons to offer, nor anything to
protect or to shelter you. Because he who conquers does not want
doubtful friends who will not aid him in the time of trial; and he who
loses will not harbour you because you did not willingly, sword in
hand, court his fate.
Antiochus went into Greece, being sent for by the
tolians to drive out
the Romans. He sent envoys to the Achaeans, who were friends of the
Romans, exhorting them to remain neutral; and on the other hand the
Romans urged them to take up arms. TM
his question came to be discussed
in the council of the Achaeans, where the legate of Antiochus urged
them to stand neutral. To this the Roman legate answered:
which has been said, that it is better and more advantageous for your
state not to interfere in our war, nothing can be more erroneous;
because by not interfering you will be left, without favour or
consideration, the guerdon of the conqueror.
Thus it will always
happen that he who is not your friend will demand your neutrality,
lst he who is your friend will entreat you to declare yourself with
arms. And irresolute princes, to avoid present dangers, generally
follow the neutral path, and are generally ruined. But when a prince
declares himself gallantly in favour of one side, if the party with
whom he allies himself conquers, although the victor may be powerful
and may have him at his mercy, yet he is indebted to him, and there is
established a bond of amity; and men are never so shameless as to
become a monument of ingratitude by M
oppressing you. Victories after all
are never so complete that the victor must not show some regard,
especially to justice. But if he with whom you ally yourself loses, you
may be sheltered by him, and whilst he is able he may aid you, and you
become companions on a fortune that may rise again.
In the second case, when those who fight are of such a character that
you have no anxiety as to who may conquer, so much the more is it
greater prudence to be allied, because you assist at the destruction of
the aid of another who, if he had been wise, would have saved
him; and conquering, as it is impossible that he should not do with
your assistance, he remains at your discretion. And here it is to be
noted that a prince ought to take care never to make an alliance with
one more powerful than himself for the purposes of attacking others,
unless necessity compels him, as is said above; because if he conquers
you are at his discretion, and princes ought to avoid as much as
possible being at the discretion of anM
y one. The Venetians joined with
France against the Duke of Milan, and this alliance, which caused their
ruin, could have been avoided. But when it cannot be avoided, as
happened to the Florentines when the Pope and Spain sent armies to
attack Lombardy, then in such a case, for the above reasons, the prince
ought to favour one of the parties.
Never let any Government imagine that it can choose perfectly safe
courses; rather let it expect to have to take very doubtful ones,
because it is found in ordinary M
affairs that one never seeks to avoid
one trouble without running into another; but prudence consists in
knowing how to distinguish the character of troubles, and for choice to
take the lesser evil.
A prince ought also to show himself a patron of ability, and to honour
the proficient in every art. At the same time he should encourage his
citizens to practise their callings peaceably, both in commerce and
agriculture, and in every other following, so that the one should not
be deterred from improving his pM
ossessions for fear lest they be taken
away from him or another from opening up trade for fear of taxes; but
the prince ought to offer rewards to whoever wishes to do these things
and designs in any way to honour his city or state.
Further, he ought to entertain the people with festivals and spectacles
at convenient seasons of the year; and as every city is divided into
guilds or into societies, he ought to hold such bodies in esteem,
and associate with them sometimes, and show himself an example of
esy and liberality; nevertheless, always maintaining the majesty
of his rank, for this he must never consent to abate in anything.
CONCERNING THE PRINCE'S MINISTERS
The choice of servants is of no little importance to a prince, and they
are good or not according to the discrimination of the prince. And the
first opinion which one forms of a prince, and of his understanding, is
by observing the men he has around him; and when they are capable and
faithful he may always be considered wisM
e, because he has known how to
recognize the capable and to keep them faithful. But when they are
otherwise one cannot form a good opinion of him, for the prime error
which he made was in choosing them.
There were none who knew Messer Antonio da Venafro as the servant of
Pandolfo Petrucci, Prince of Siena, who would not consider Pandolfo to
be a very clever man in having Venafro for his servant. Because there
are three classes of intellects: one which comprehends by itself;
another which appreciates what M
others comprehended; and a third which
neither comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others; the first
is the most excellent, the second is good, the third is useless.
Therefore, it follows necessarily that, if Pandolfo was not in the
first rank, he was in the second, for whenever one has judgment to know
good and bad when it is said and done, although he himself may not have
the initiative, yet he can recognize the good and the bad in his
servant, and the one he can praise and the other correct; thus M
servant cannot hope to deceive him, and is kept honest.
But to enable a prince to form an opinion of his servant there is one
test which never fails; when you see the servant thinking more of his
own interests than of yours, and seeking inwardly his own profit in
everything, such a man will never make a good servant, nor will you
ever be able to trust him; because he who has the state of another in
his hands ought never to think of himself, but always of his prince,
and never pay any attention to mattM
ers in which the prince is not
On the other hand, to keep his servant honest the prince ought to study
him, honouring him, enriching him, doing him kindnesses, sharing with
him the honours and cares; and at the same time let him see that he
cannot stand alone, so that many honours may not make him desire more,
many riches make him wish for more, and that many cares may make him
dread chances. When, therefore, servants, and princes towards servants,
are thus disposed, they can trust each other, M
but when it is otherwise,
the end will always be disastrous for either one or the other.
HOW TO AVOID FLATTERERS
I do not wish to leave out an important branch of this subject, for it
is a danger from which princes are with difficulty preserved, unless
they are very careful and discriminating. It is that of flatterers, of
whom courts are full, because men are so self-complacent in their own
affairs, and in a way so deceived in them, that they are preserved with
difficulty from this peM
st, and if they wish to defend themselves they
run the danger of falling into contempt. Because there is no other way
of guarding oneself from flatterers except letting men understand that
to tell you the truth does not offend you; but when every one may tell
you the truth, respect for you abates.
Therefore a wise prince ought to hold a third course by choosing the
wise men in his state, and giving to them only the liberty of speaking
the truth to him, and then only of those things of which he inquires,
nd of none others; but he ought to question them upon everything, and
listen to their opinions, and afterwards form his own conclusions. With
these councillors, separately and collectively, he ought to carry
himself in such a way that each of them should know that, the more
freely he shall speak, the more he shall be preferred; outside of
these, he should listen to no one, pursue the thing resolved on, and be
steadfast in his resolutions. He who does otherwise is either
overthrown by flatterers, or is so oftM
en changed by varying opinions
that he falls into contempt.
I wish on this subject to adduce a modern example. Fra Luca, the man of
affairs to Maximilian, the present emperor, speaking of his majesty,
said: He consulted with no one, yet never got his own way in anything.
This arose because of his following a practice the opposite to the
above; for the emperor is a secretive man
he does not communicate his
designs to any one, nor does he receive opinions on them. But as in
carrying them into effect they M
become revealed and known, they are at
once obstructed by those men whom he has around him, and he, being
pliant, is diverted from them. Hence it follows that those things he
does one day he undoes the next, and no one ever understands what he
wishes or intends to do, and no one can rely on his resolutions.
A prince, therefore, ought always to take counsel, but only when he
wishes and not when others wish; he ought rather to discourage every
one from offering advice unless he asks it; but, however, he ouM
be a constant inquirer, and afterwards a patient listener concerning
the things of which he inquired; also, on learning that any one, on any
consideration, has not told him the truth, he should let his anger be
And if there are some who think that a prince who conveys an impression
of his wisdom is not so through his own ability, but through the good
advisers that he has around him, beyond doubt they are deceived,
because this is an axiom which never fails: that a prince who is not
elf will never take good advice, unless by chance he has
yielded his affairs entirely to one person who happens to be a very
prudent man. In this case indeed he may be well governed, but it would
not be for long, because such a governor would in a short time take
away his state from him.
But if a prince who is not inexperienced should take counsel from more
than one he will never get united counsels, nor will he know how to
unite them. Each of the counsellors will think of his own interests,
e will not know how to control them or to see through
them. And they are not to be found otherwise, because men will always
prove untrue to you unless they are kept honest by constraint.
Therefore it must be inferred that good counsels, whencesoever they
come, are born of the wisdom of the prince, and not the wisdom of the
prince from good counsels.
WHY THE PRINCES OF ITALY HAVE LOST THEIR STATES
The previous suggestions, carefully observed, will enable a new prince
to appear well estaM
blished, and render him at once more secure and
fixed in the state than if he had been long seated there. For the
actions of a new prince are more narrowly observed than those of an
hereditary one, and when they are seen to be able they gain more men
and bind far tighter than ancient blood; because men are attracted more
by the present than by the past, and when they find the present good
they enjoy it and seek no further; they will also make the utmost
defence of a prince if he fails them not in other thingM
be a double glory for him to have established a new principality, and
adorned and strengthened it with good laws, good arms, good allies, and
with a good example; so will it be a double disgrace to him who, born a
prince, shall lose his state by want of wisdom.
And if those seigniors are considered who have lost their states in
Italy in our times, such as the King of Naples, the Duke of Milan, and
others, there will be found in them, firstly, one common defect in
regard to arms from the caM
uses which have been discussed at length; in
the next place, some one of them will be seen, either to have had the
people hostile, or if he has had the people friendly, he has not known
how to secure the nobles. In the absence of these defects states that
have power enough to keep an army in the field cannot be lost.
Philip of Macedon, not the father of Alexander the Great, but he who
was conquered by Titus Quintius, had not much territory compared to the
greatness of the Romans and of Greece who attacked M
warlike man who knew how to attract the people and secure the nobles,
he sustained the war against his enemies for many years, and if in the
end he lost the dominion of some cities, nevertheless he retained the
Therefore, do not let our princes accuse fortune for the loss of their
principalities after so many years
possession, but rather their own
sloth, because in quiet times they never thought there could be a
change (it is a common defect in man not to make any provision inM
calm against the tempest), and when afterwards the bad times came they
thought of flight and not of defending themselves, and they hoped that
the people, disgusted with the insolence of the conquerors, would
recall them. This course, when others fail, may be good, but it is very
bad to have neglected all other expedients for that, since you would
never wish to fall because you trusted to be able to find someone later
on to restore you. This again either does not happen, or, if it does,
or your security, because that deliverance is of no
avail which does not depend upon yourself; those only are reliable,
certain, and durable that depend on yourself and your valour.
WHAT FORTUNE CAN EFFECT IN HUMAN AFFAIRS AND HOW TO WITHSTAND HER
It is not unknown to me how many men have had, and still have, the
opinion that the affairs of the world are in such wise governed by
fortune and by God that men with their wisdom cannot direct them and
that no one can even help them; and becauM
se of this they would have us
believe that it is not necessary to labour much in affairs, but to let
chance govern them. This opinion has been more credited in our times
because of the great changes in affairs which have been seen, and may
still be seen, every day, beyond all human conjecture. Sometimes
pondering over this, I am in some degree inclined to their opinion.
Nevertheless, not to extinguish our free will, I hold it to be true
that Fortune is the arbiter of one-half of our actions, but that she
ill leaves us to direct the other half, or perhaps a little less.
I compare her to one of those raging rivers, which when in flood
overflows the plains, sweeping away trees and buildings, bearing away
the soil from place to place; everything flies before it, all yield to
its violence, without being able in any way to withstand it; and yet,
though its nature be such, it does not follow therefore that men, when
the weather becomes fair, shall not make provision, both with defences
and barriers, in such a manM
ner that, rising again, the waters may pass
away by canal, and their force be neither so unrestrained nor so
dangerous. So it happens with fortune, who shows her power where valour
has not prepared to resist her, and thither she turns her forces where
she knows that barriers and defences have not been raised to constrain
And if you will consider Italy, which is the seat of these changes, and
which has given to them their impulse, you will see it to be an open
country without barriers and without any M
defence. For if it had been
defended by proper valour, as are Germany, Spain, and France, either
this invasion would not have made the great changes it has made or it
would not have come at all. And this I consider enough to say
concerning resistance to fortune in general.
But confining myself more to the particular, I say that a prince may be
seen happy to-day and ruined to-morrow without having shown any change
of disposition or character. This, I believe, arises firstly from
causes that have already beM
en discussed at length, namely, that the
prince who relies entirely on fortune is lost when it changes. I
believe also that he will be successful who directs his actions
according to the spirit of the times, and that he whose actions do not
accord with the times will not be successful. Because men are seen, in
affairs that lead to the end which every man has before him, namely,
glory and riches, to get there by various methods; one with caution,
another with haste; one by force, another by skill; one by patiM
another by its opposite; and each one succeeds in reaching the goal by
a different method. One can also see of two cautious men the one attain
his end, the other fail; and similarly, two men by different
observances are equally successful, the one being cautious, the other
impetuous; all this arises from nothing else than whether or not they
conform in their methods to the spirit of the times. This follows from
what I have said, that two men working differently bring about the same
effect, and of two M
working similarly, one attains his object and the
Changes in estate also issue from this, for if, to one who governs
himself with caution and patience, times and affairs converge in such a
way that his administration is successful, his fortune is made; but if
times and affairs change, he is ruined if he does not change his course
of action. But a man is not often found sufficiently circumspect to
know how to accommodate himself to the change, both because he cannot
deviate from what natureM
inclines him to do, and also because, having
always prospered by acting in one way, he cannot be persuaded that it
is well to leave it; and, therefore, the cautious man, when it is time
to turn adventurous, does not know how to do it, hence he is ruined;
but had he changed his conduct with the times fortune would not have
Pope Julius the Second went to work impetuously in all his affairs, and
found the times and circumstances conform so well to that line of
action that he always met with successM
. Consider his first enterprise
against Bologna, Messer Giovanni Bentivogli being still alive. The
Venetians were not agreeable to it, nor was the King of Spain, and he
had the enterprise still under discussion with the King of France;
nevertheless he personally entered upon the expedition with his
accustomed boldness and energy, a move which made Spain and the
Venetians stand irresolute and passive, the latter from fear, the
former from desire to recover the kingdom of Naples; on the other hand,
ter him the King of France, because that king, having
observed the movement, and desiring to make the Pope his friend so as
to humble the Venetians, found it impossible to refuse him. Therefore
Julius with his impetuous action accomplished what no other pontiff
with simple human wisdom could have done; for if he had waited in Rome
until he could get away, with his plans arranged and everything fixed,
as any other pontiff would have done, he would never have succeeded.
Because the King of France would have maM
de a thousand excuses, and the
others would have raised a thousand fears.
I will leave his other actions alone, as they were all alike, and they
all succeeded, for the shortness of his life did not let him experience
the contrary; but if circumstances had arisen which required him to go
cautiously, his ruin would have followed, because he would never have
deviated from those ways to which nature inclined him.
I conclude, therefore that, fortune being changeful and mankind
steadfast in their ways, so lonM
g as the two are in agreement men are
successful, but unsuccessful when they fall out. For my part I consider
that it is better to be adventurous than cautious, because fortune is a
woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and
ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by
the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She
is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they
are less cautious, more violent, and with more audaciM
AN EXHORTATION TO LIBERATE ITALY FROM THE BARBARIANS
Having carefully considered the subject of the above discourses, and
wondering within myself whether the present times were propitious to a
new prince, and whether there were elements that would give an
opportunity to a wise and virtuous one to introduce a new order of
things which would do honour to him and good to the people of this
country, it appears to me that so many things concur to favour a new
ever knew a time more fit than the present.
And if, as I said, it was necessary that the people of Israel should be
captive so as to make manifest the ability of Moses; that the Persians
should be oppressed by the Medes so as to discover the greatness of the
soul of Cyrus; and that the Athenians should be dispersed to illustrate
the capabilities of Theseus: then at the present time, in order to
discover the virtue of an Italian spirit, it was necessary that Italy
should be reduced to the extremity that sheM
is now in, that she should
be more enslaved than the Hebrews, more oppressed than the Persians,
more scattered than the Athenians; without head, without order, beaten,
despoiled, torn, overrun; and to have endured every kind of desolation.
Although lately some spark may have been shown by one, which made us
think he was ordained by God for our redemption, nevertheless it was
afterwards seen, in the height of his career, that fortune rejected
him; so that Italy, left as without life, waits for him who shalM
heal her wounds and put an end to the ravaging and plundering of
Lombardy, to the swindling and taxing of the kingdom and of Tuscany,
and cleanse those sores that for long have festered. It is seen how she
entreats God to send someone who shall deliver her from these wrongs
and barbarous insolencies. It is seen also that she is ready and
willing to follow a banner if only someone will raise it.
Nor is there to be seen at present one in whom she can place more hope
than in your illustrious house, witM
h its valour and fortune,
favoured by God and by the Church of which it is now the chief, and
which could be made the head of this redemption. This will not be
difficult if you will recall to yourself the actions and lives of the
men I have named. And although they were great and wonderful men, yet
they were men, and each one of them had no more opportunity than the
present offers, for their enterprises were neither more just nor easier
than this, nor was God more their friend than He is yours.
ere is great justice, because that war is just which is
necessary, and arms are hallowed when there is no other hope but in
them. Here there is the greatest willingness, and where the willingness
is great the difficulties cannot be great if you will only follow those
men to whom I have directed your attention. Further than this, how
extraordinarily the ways of God have been manifested beyond example:
the sea is divided, a cloud has led the way, the rock has poured forth
water, it has rained manna, everythingM
has contributed to your
greatness; you ought to do the rest. God is not willing to do
everything, and thus take away our free will and that share of glory
which belongs to us.
And it is not to be wondered at if none of the above-named Italians
have been able to accomplish all that is expected from your illustrious
house; and if in so many revolutions in Italy, and in so many
campaigns, it has always appeared as if military virtue were exhausted,
this has happened because the old order of things was not gM
none of us have known how to find a new one. And nothing honours a man
more than to establish new laws and new ordinances when he himself was
newly risen. Such things when they are well founded and dignified will
make him revered and admired, and in Italy there are not wanting
opportunities to bring such into use in every form.
Here there is great valour in the limbs whilst it fails in the head.
Look attentively at the duels and the hand-to-hand combats, how
superior the Italians are in strength,M
dexterity, and subtlety. But
when it comes to armies they do not bear comparison, and this springs
entirely from the insufficiency of the leaders, since those who are
capable are not obedient, and each one seems to himself to know, there
having never been any one so distinguished above the rest, either by
valour or fortune, that others would yield to him. Hence it is that for
so long a time, and during so much fighting in the past twenty years,
whenever there has been an army wholly Italian, it has always gM
poor account of itself; the first witness to this is Il Taro,
afterwards Allesandria, Capua, Genoa, Vaila, Bologna, Mestri.
If, therefore, your illustrious house wishes to follow these remarkable
men who have redeemed their country, it is necessary before all things,
as a true foundation for every enterprise, to be provided with your own
forces, because there can be no more faithful, truer, or better
soldiers. And although singly they are good, altogether they will be
much better when they find theM
mselves commanded by their prince,
honoured by him, and maintained at his expense. Therefore it is
necessary to be prepared with such arms, so that you can be defended
against foreigners by Italian valour.
And although Swiss and Spanish infantry may be considered very
formidable, nevertheless there is a defect in both, by reason of which
a third order would not only be able to oppose them, but might be
relied upon to overthrow them. For the Spaniards cannot resist cavalry,
and the Switzers are afraid of iM
nfantry whenever they encounter them in
close combat. Owing to this, as has been and may again be seen, the
Spaniards are unable to resist French cavalry, and the Switzers are
overthrown by Spanish infantry. And although a complete proof of this
latter cannot be shown, nevertheless there was some evidence of it at
the battle of Ravenna, when the Spanish infantry were confronted by
German battalions, who follow the same tactics as the Swiss; when the
Spaniards, by agility of body and with the aid of their shiM
under the pikes of the Germans and stood out of danger, able to attack,
while the Germans stood helpless, and, if the cavalry had not dashed
up, all would have been over with them. It is possible, therefore,
knowing the defects of both these infantries, to invent a new one,
which will resist cavalry and not be afraid of infantry; this need not
create a new order of arms, but a variation upon the old. And these are
the kind of improvements which confer reputation and power upon a new
This opportunity, therefore, ought not to be allowed to pass for
letting Italy at last see her liberator appear. Nor can one express the
love with which he would be received in all those provinces which have
suffered so much from these foreign scourings, with what thirst for
revenge, with what stubborn faith, with what devotion, with what tears.
What door would be closed to him? Who would refuse obedience to him?
What envy would hinder him? What Italian would refuse him homage? To
all of us this barbarous doM
minion stinks. Let, therefore, your
illustrious house take up this charge with that courage and hope with
which all just enterprises are undertaken, so that under its standard
our native country may be ennobled, and under its auspices may be
verified that saying of Petrarch:
Virtu contro al Furore
arme, e fia il combatter corto:
Negli italici cuor non e ancor morto.
Against barbarian rage,
Virtue will take the field; then short the fight;
True to their lineaM5
Italian hearts willi prove their Roman might.
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c/Foundry USA Pool #dropgold/
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The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.
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text/plain;charset=utf-8
uspere mich chronisch, sauge ungefiltert,
wedeln meine Wimpern den Sauerstoff
des Schauens ins Nervensystem, Edelgase,
unter Strom gesetzt, wie hunderttausend
hren wippen meine bleibelegten
rchen, Finger im Wind,
wenn das Kohlendioxid sich seinen
Ausweg bahnt, um anderswo, an ganz
andrer Stelle, von einem korallenfiedrigen,
liquidiert zu werden, z
das ist alles, was wir haben.h!
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~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-M
t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
#sentence-0:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):M
not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
animation-name: jumping;
#sentence-0:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):notM
(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
transform: translate(-50%, 1vmin) rotateX(180deg);
#sentence-0:checked M
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
transform: rotateY(180deM
g) rotate(-40deg) translate(-40%, -100%) translate(20%, -80%) translate(-80%, 250%);
animation-name: sharkEating;
#sentence-0:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):M
not(#letter-r):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-v):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-r):checked
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #letter-v:checked ~ #won {
animation-name: slowPopup;
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(1)::before,
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(3)::before,
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(5)::before {
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-v:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(2)::before {
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(4)::before {
#sentence-0:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(6)::before {
/* 1 - The Lord of the rings */
#sentence-1:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(n + 22) {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(4)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #puzzle spM
an:nth-child(9)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(12)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(16)::before {
text-decoration: none;
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letterM
-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(M
#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):noM
t(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#leM
tter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):noM
t(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letM
ter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):notM
(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):cheM
animation-name: jumping;
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
ot(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):nM
ot(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
transform: rotateY(180deg) rotate(-40deg) translate(-40%, -100%) translate(20%, -80%) translate(-80%, 250%);
animation-name: sharkEating;
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-lM
):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-sM
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letM
ter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
transform: translate(-50%, 1vmin) rotateX(180deg);
#sentence-1:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letterM
-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#lM
etter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-d):not(#letter-f):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-d:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #letter-f:checked ~ #letter-g:checked ~ #letter-h:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #letter-l:checM
ked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #letter-s:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #won {
animation-name: slowPopup;
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-d:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(8)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(3)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(15)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-f:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(11)::beM
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-g:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(20)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-h:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(2)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-h:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(14)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(18)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-l:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(5)::before {
ence-1:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(19)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(6)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(10)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(7)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(17)::before {
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-s:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-chilM
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(1)::before,
#sentence-1:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(13)::before {
/* 2 - The Sea Hawk */
#sentence-2:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(n + 13) {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(4)::before,
#sentence-2:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(8)::before {
text-decoration: none;
#sentence-2:checked
ot(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-2:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-2:checked
ter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-2:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e)M
:not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letM
ter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-2:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letterM
-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):nM
ot(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
animation-name: jumping;
#sentence-2:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s)M
:not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
m: translate(-50%, 1vmin) rotateX(180deg);
#sentence-2:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(M
#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
transform: rotateY(180deg) rotate(-40deg) translate(-40%, -100%) translate(20%, -80%) translate(-80%, 250%);
mation-name: sharkEating;
#sentence-2:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#lM
etter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-t):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-s):not(#letter-a):not(#letter-h):not(#letter-w):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #letter-h:checked ~ #letter-k:checked ~ #letter-s:checked ~ #letter-t:checM
ked ~ #letter-w:checked ~ #won {
animation-name: slowPopup;
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(1)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-h:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(2)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(3)::before,
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(6)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-s:checked ~ #puzzle spM
an:nth-child(5)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(7)::before,
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-a:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(10)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-h:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(9)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-w:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(11)::before {
#sentence-2:checked ~ #letter-k:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(12)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(n + 10) {
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letteM
r-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-M
t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
tter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c)M
:not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):noM
t(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#leM
tter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
animation-name: jumping;
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#M
letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letteM
r-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
transform: translate(-50%, 1vmin) rotateX(180deg);
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letteM
r-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#M
transform: rotateY(180deg) rotate(-40deg) translate(-40%, -100%) translate(20%, -80%) translate(-80%, 250%);
animation-name: sharkEating;
#sentence-3:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-M
n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-i):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-c):not(#letter-e):not(#letter-p):not(#letter-t):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-o):checkedM
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-c:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #letter-p:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #won {
animation-name: slowPopup;
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(1)::before,
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(7)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(2)::before,
#sentence-3:checked ~ #lettM
er-n:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(9)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-c:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(3)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-e:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(4)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-p:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(5)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-t:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(6)::before {
#sentence-3:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ M
#puzzle span:nth-child(8)::before {
/* 3 - Cool Runnings */
#sentence-4:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(n + 14) {
#sentence-4:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(5)::before {
text-decoration: none;
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letterM
-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-cM
):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):nM
ot(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#M
letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):M
not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):notM
(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-sM
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
animation-name: jumping;
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letterM
-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checkeM
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
transform: translate(-50%, 1vmin) rotateX(180deg);
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#lM
etter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
ter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
transform: rotateY(180deg) rotate(-40deg) translate(-40%, -100%) translate(20%, -80%) translate(-80%, 250%);
animation-name: sharkEating;
#sentence-4:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letM
ter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):notM
(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-c):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-r):not(#letter-u):not(#letter-n):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-g):not(#letter-s):checked
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-c:checked ~ #letter-g:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #letter-l:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #letter-s:checked ~ #letter-u:checked ~ #won {
animation-name: slowPopup;
#sentence-4:checked ~ #leM
tter-c:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(1)::before {
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(2)::before,
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(3)::before{
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-l:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(4)::before {
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-r:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(6)::before {
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-u:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-childM
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(8)::before,
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(9)::before,
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-n:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(11)::before{
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(10)::before {
#sentence-4:checked ~ #letter-g:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(12)::before {
#sentence-4:checked ~ M
#letter-s:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(13)::before {
#sentence-5:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(n + 7) {
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#M
letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#lettM
er-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-M
w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
animation-name: jumping;
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):M
not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
transform: translate(-50%, 1vmin) rotateX(180deg);
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#M
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
transform: rotateY(180deg) rotate(-40deg) translate(-40%, -100%) translate(20%, -80%) translate(-80%, 250%);
animation-name: sharkEating;
#sentence-5:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checkedM
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-w):not(#letter-i):not(#letter-l):not(#letter-o):checked
#sentence-5:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #letter-l:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #letter-w:checked ~ #won {
animation-name: slowPopup;
#sentence-5:checked ~ #lM
etter-w:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(1)::before,
#sentence-5:checked ~ #letter-w:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(6)::before {
#sentence-5:checked ~ #letter-i:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(2)::before {
#sentence-5:checked ~ #letter-l:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(3)::before,
#sentence-5:checked ~ #letter-l:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(4)::before {
#sentence-5:checked ~ #letter-o:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(5)::before {
#sentence-6:checked ~ #puzzle span:nth-child(n + 5) {
#sentence-6:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-6:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-6:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letterM
-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-6:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letM
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
#sentence-6:checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checked
~ .letter:not(#letter-h):not(#letter-o):not(#letter-k):checkeM
~